The genetic variation of the European population at a macro-geographic scale follows genetic gradients which reflect main migration events. However, less is known about factors affecting mating choices at a micro-geographic scale. In this study we have analyzed 726,718 autosomal SNPs in 435 individuals from the Catalan Pyrenees covering around 200 km of a vast and abrupt region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, for which we have information about the geographic origin of all grand-parents and parents. At a macro-geographic scale, our analyses recapitulate the genetic gradient observed in Spain. However, we also identified the presence of micro-population substructure among the sampled individuals. Such micro-population substructure does not correlate with geographic barriers such as the expected by the orography of the considered region, but by the bishoprics present in the covered geographic area. These results support that, on top of main human migrations, long ongoing socio-cultural factors have also shaped the genetic diversity observed at rural populations.
Although various studies have highlighted the importance of public spaces for human wellbeing, most of these have been based on qualitative factors. The present research provides a more objective approach, based on quantitative (heart rate variability). The data reveal how different emotions are generated in different public spaces. These differences appear to derive from both the characteristics of the user (and particularly their gender) and from the morphology of the space (including its illumination and built environment). Identifying key factors may help us to improve the design of public spaces and to make them more accessible and inclusive.
The genetic variation of the European population at a macro-geographic scale follows genetic gradients which reflect main migration events. However, less is known about factors affecting mating patterns at a micro-geographic scale. In this study we have analyzed 726,718 autosomal single nucleotide variants in 435 individuals from the catalan Pyrenees covering around 200 km of a vast and abrupt region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, for which we have information about the geographic origin of all grand-parents and parents. At a macro-geographic scale, our analyses recapitulate the genetic gradient observed in Spain. However, we also identified the presence of micro-population substructure among the sampled individuals. Such micro-population substructure does not correlate with geographic barriers such as the expected by the orography of the considered region, but by the bishoprics present in the covered geographic area. These results support that, on top of main human migrations, long ongoing socio-cultural factors have also shaped the genetic diversity observed at rural populations.
Uno de los importantes trabajos topográficos del Cuerpo de Estado Mayor español llevados a cabo en la década de 1860 fue la cartografía de los escenarios de las batallas de Julio César en Hispania. Se hicieron a petición de Napoleón III, para ilustrar la Histoire de Jules César que dirigía el emperador francés. Fue una obra ambiciosa y compleja, por la escala empleada (1:20.000) y por la extensión comprendida (4.637 km2). Los trabajos se realizaron en las comarcas del sur de las provincias de Córdoba , en 1864 y principios de 1865, y el resultado se presentó en París en junio de 1865. Un ejemplar de los mapas finales, junto con 12 acuarelas de paisajes, se conserva en la Biblioteca del Palacio Real. Este trabajo reforzó el prestigio del Cuerpo de Estado Mayor. El éxito de la empresa avalaba la opción del general y primer ministro Narváez de confiar al Ejército los trabajos del mapa nacional, en 1866. En 1867 el Estado Mayor llevó a cabo una segunda fase del trabajo, con objeto de completar la zona cartografiada hasta el margen de las láminas previstas. Pero, por diversas razones, hasta 1887 no se publicó el atlas que incluía 4 láminas fruto de los trabajos topográficos efectuados por los oficiales del Estado Mayor, aunque sin indicar en modo alguno la procedencia de los mapas. Un final más bien mezquino para el ingente, rápido y eficaz trabajo realizado por los militares españoles entre 1864 y 1867.
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