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This paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of most heating systems drawing together published literature on the subject, not previously available. Here, a comparison between the different systems such as coal, wood, oil, natural gas, heat pump, geothermal and solar energy is provided in terms of their environmental impact. The most important parameters considered are the emission rate and toxicity. This places the coal-fired system as the worst among all heating systems regarding the impacts on the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are the most preferred sources decreasing total emissions and air pollution. In order to make a comparison between the different systems, the emissions that must be taken into consideration are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PMs, N2O, CH4, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes. NomenclatureASHP air source heat pump ATES aquifer thermal energy storage BTES borehole thermal energy storage CCHP combined cooling, heating and power CHP combined heat and power DH district heating DHC district heating and cooling DS district system EF emission factor GE geothermal energy GHG greenhouse gas GSHP ground source heat pump HEPA high efficiency particulate air HP heat pump IWH industrial waste heat LPG liquefied petroleum gas NG natural gas PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PM particulate matter SNG synthetic natural gas SPF seasonal performance factor VOC volatile organic compounds WHR waste heat recovery Subscripts 2.5 particles with diameter less than 2.5 micrometres 10 particles with diameter less than 10 micrometres

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The optimal tilt angle of solar photovoltaic panel in Ilorin, Nigeria was determined. The solar panel was first mounted at 0o to the horizontal and after ten minutes, the voltage and current generated with the corresponding atmospheric temperature were recorded. The same procedure was repeated for 2o to 30o at a succession of 2o at ten minutes time interval over the entire measurement period. The result obtained shows that the average optimal tilt angle at which a solar panel will be mounted for maximum power performance at fixed position in Ilorin is 22o. This optimum angle of tilt of the solar panel and the orientation are dependent on the month of the year and the location of the site of study.

World energy consumption has increased significantly in the last decade and for this reason several energy management strategies are currently under investigation to accommodate this high demand. In this frame, the current paper presents a review of the advances of district systems (DSs) which offers a contribution to the mission to reduce the environmental and economic impact of energy consumption. The aim of the study is to examine the potential of these systems and their ability to cope with the requirements of energy demands. Additionally, the paper reviews several optimization strategies including poly-generation, cogeneration and energy storage that could be adopted to upgrade the performance of DSs. Furthermore, the paper discusses the main obstacles facing the development of this domain and proposes some suggestions to encourage adoption of the district approach.

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