Recent advances in district energy systems: A review

Mahmoud, Montaser; Ramadan, Mohamad; Naher, Sumsun; Pullen, Keith; Baroutaji, Ahmad; Olabi, Abdul–Ghani

doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100678

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 110 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…These typically contain hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, which have lower rates of hydrolysis in anaerobic digestion, limiting these materials' application in anaerobic digestion (Li et al, 2018). Pyrolysis is an attractive method for treating these materials, resulting in the production of syngas and bio-oil, which can both be used for energy production, potentially including district energy systems (Mahmoud et al, 2020). Biochar is also produced; this is a highly versatile material with many uses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The removal of tetracycline from water using biochar produced from agricultural discarded material

Hoslett

Ghazal

Katsou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

120

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An issue of significant importance worldwide is the contamination of water with antibiotics giving rise to antibiotic resistance in the environment. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are widely used in agriculture, as such they can pollute water courses, providing a means by which environmental bacteria can evolve antibiotic resistance genes. Biochar can form part of a solution as it is a well-known adsorbent. This material can be efficient in the adsorption of a wide range of pollutants and is inexpensive. An innovative heat pipe reactor was used to produce biochar from excess food and garden materials. This biochar was characterised using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analyser (SEM-EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The biochar produced had an adsorption capacity between 2.98 mg/g and 8.23 mg/g for initial tetracycline concentrations of 20 mg/l and 100 mg/l, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm provided the best fit to the experimental data. Kinetics examination revealed a rapid adsorption of tetracycline during the initial stages. The Elovich equation fitted the experimental data well. This adsorbent could therefore be produced at the site of an agricultural enterprise through the pyrolysis of agriculture waste and then used to reduce the infiltration of antibiotics into the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The removal of tetracycline from water using biochar produced from agricultural discarded material

Hoslett

Ghazal

Katsou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

120

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“…It is important to note though, that the search for "district energy systems" brings to district-scale energy systems, be that traditional district-level thermal and hybrid energy systems (e.g., cogeneration) [27][28][29][30] or distributed energy systems such as PV, solar thermal, battery storage [31][32][33][34]. However, consistent with the above-mentioned definitions of [23,24], we keep the scope of "district energy system" broader and do not limit it to the technical components only.…”

Section: Urban District Energy Systems and Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chosen scale in ABM usually determines the number of entities (i.e., agents) covered [33]. This can be limited by computers' processing capacity, especially if decision algorithms are sophisticated, much data is used, or a considered city is very large, e.g., like in [59].…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agent-Based Modelling of Urban District Energy System Decarbonisation—A Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2022

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There is an increased interest in the district-scale energy transition within interdisciplinary research community. Agent-based modelling presents a suitable approach to address variety of questions related to policies, technologies, processes, and the different stakeholder roles that can foster such transition. However, it is a largely complex and versatile methodology which hinders its broader uptake by researchers as well as improved results. This state-of-the-art review focuses on the application of agent-based modelling for exploring policy interventions that facilitate the decarbonisation (i.e., energy transition) of districts and neighbourhoods while considering stakeholders’ social characteristics and interactions. We systematically select and analyse peer-reviewed literature and discuss the key modelling aspects, such as model purpose, agents and decision-making logic, spatial and temporal aspects, and empirical grounding. The analysis reveals that the most established agent-based models’ focus on innovation diffusion (e.g., adoption of solar panels) and dissemination of energy-saving behaviour among a group of buildings in urban areas. We see a considerable gap in exploring the decisions and interactions of agents other than residential households, such as commercial and even industrial energy consumers (and prosumers). Moreover, measures such as building retrofits and conversion to district energy systems involve many stakeholders and complex interactions between them that up to now have hardly been represented in the agent-based modelling environment. Hence, this work contributes to better understanding and further improving the research on transition towards decarbonised society.

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“…Figure 7 represents the concept of DH and its specifications. Recently, district systems (DSs) had jumped to the fifth generation which is based on supplying low temperatures and usually relying on renewable energy sources, and both aim to increase the systems' efficiency, decrease losses and emissions [95,96]. This generation is also known as bidirectional district heating and cooling system (DHC).…”

Section: District Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review

Mahmoud

Ramadan

Naher

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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This paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of most heating systems drawing together published literature on the subject, not previously available. Here, a comparison between the different systems such as coal, wood, oil, natural gas, heat pump, geothermal and solar energy is provided in terms of their environmental impact. The most important parameters considered are the emission rate and toxicity. This places the coal-fired system as the worst among all heating systems regarding the impacts on the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are the most preferred sources decreasing total emissions and air pollution. In order to make a comparison between the different systems, the emissions that must be taken into consideration are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PMs, N2O, CH4, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes. NomenclatureASHP air source heat pump ATES aquifer thermal energy storage BTES borehole thermal energy storage CCHP combined cooling, heating and power CHP combined heat and power DH district heating DHC district heating and cooling DS district system EF emission factor GE geothermal energy GHG greenhouse gas GSHP ground source heat pump HEPA high efficiency particulate air HP heat pump IWH industrial waste heat LPG liquefied petroleum gas NG natural gas PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PM particulate matter SNG synthetic natural gas SPF seasonal performance factor VOC volatile organic compounds WHR waste heat recovery Subscripts 2.5 particles with diameter less than 2.5 micrometres 10 particles with diameter less than 10 micrometres

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Recent advances in district energy systems: A review

Cited by 25 publications

References 110 publications

The removal of tetracycline from water using biochar produced from agricultural discarded material

The removal of tetracycline from water using biochar produced from agricultural discarded material

Agent-Based Modelling of Urban District Energy System Decarbonisation—A Systematic Literature Review

The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review

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