Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.
Insects show a multitude of symbiotic interactions that may vary in degree of specialization and structure. Gallinducing insects and their parasitoids are thought to be relatively specialized organisms, but despite their ecological importance, the organization and structure of the interactions they establish with their hosts has seldom been investigated in tropical communities. Non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) are particularly interesting organisms for the study of ecological networks because most species strictly develop their offspring within fig inflorescences, and show a multitude of life history strategies. They can be gall-makers, cleptoparasites or parasitoids of pollinating or of other non-pollinating fig wasps. Here we analysed a set of non-pollinating fig wasp communities associated with six species of Ficus section Americanae over a wide area. This allowed us to investigate patterns of specialization in a diverse community composed of monophagous and polyphagous species. We observed that most NPFW species were cleptoparasites and parasitoids, colonizing figs several days after oviposition by pollinators. Most species that occurred in more than one host were much more abundant in a single preferential host, suggesting specialization. The food web established between wasps and figs shows structural properties that are typical of specific antagonistic relationships, especially of endophagous insect networks. Two species that occurred in all available hosts were highly abundant in the network, suggesting that in some cases generalized species can be more competitive than strict specialists. The Neotropical and, to a lesser extent, Afrotropical NPFW communities seem to be more generalized than other NPFW communities. However, evidence of host sharing in the Old World is quite limited, since most studies have focused on particular taxonomic groups (genera) of wasps instead of sampling the whole NPFW community. Moreover, the lack of quantitative information in previous studies prevents us from detecting patterns of host preferences in polyphagous species.
O estudo foi realizado em uma escola de cursos técnicos profissionalizantes, onde circulam cerca de cinco mil pessoas por dia. O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar os resíduos recicláveis e não recicláveis gerados na unidade e verificar o seu correto descarte. Para isso, foram coletadas duas amostras das lixeiras da área externa do local de estudo. Foi constatado que a instituição deixa de enviar para reciclagem 39,6 kg de plástico e 4,8 kg de alumínio/média/mês, porém envia para cooperativa de reciclagem cerca de 155,5 kg de resíduos orgânicos/média/mês. Os usuários da instituição não praticam o correto descarte dos resíduos sendo necessário a implementação de um programa de Educação Ambiental para contribuir com o processo de sensibilização quanto ao correto descarte e separação dos resíduos na fonte.
RESUMOO presente trabalho foi realizado para a região do Araripe, localizada no oeste de Pernambuco. Esta região apresenta importantes modificações em seu ambiente natural, principalmente ocasionadas pela remoção da cobertura vegetal nativa, muitas vezes resultante de desmatamento ilegal para a utilização da lenha como fonte energética nas indústrias gesseiras. Este trabalho buscou separar e quantificar a cobertura vegetal da região estudada a partir do Índice
RESUMOUm dos atuais compromissos das universidades com a sociedade é contribuir com o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para isso, tais instituições devem incorporar e integrar as questões socioambientais nas suas práticas, analisando os impactos socioambientais gerados pelas suas atividades, e, dessa forma, assumindo um papel fundamental na busca pela sustentabilidade tanto no contexto local, quanto global. Fundamental também é fazer com que a pesquisa, ensino e extensão nas diversas áreas de conhecimento da Universidade conversem, favorecendo a interdisciplinaridade. Não há dúvidas que os indicadores podem ser utilizados como ferramenta na implementação dos programas de sustentabilidade em Campi universitários, dando base na avaliação, ajudando na organização dos processos de informação e formação dos usuários destas instituições e na mobilização das partes interessadas. O objetivo deste artigo foi propor um Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade com a finalidade de diagnosticar, avaliar e monitorar a gestão dos recursos hídricos em campus universitário, tendo o Campus de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo como estudo de caso. Para o processo de construção do Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, foi selecionado o modelo estrutural de matriz de análise PEIR (Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta) e um diagnóstico do uso da água no Campus foi realizado. O Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade proposto forneceu informações sobre a qualidade dos recursos hídricos, sobre os programas e políticas ambientais em andamento, assim como outras questões relevantes que devem ser consideradas pelos gestores. Este modelo mostrou-se robusto como ferramenta valiosa na gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos no Campus.
A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos completa duas décadas e apesar de ser considerada uma lei moderna e promissora com vistas à gestão integrada e sustentável dos recursos hídricos, ainda existem diversos obstáculos quanto a gestão da água no país. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi identificar as questões fundamentais relativas a gestão das águas e analisar as fragilidades e potencialidades da Lei das Águas, afim de investigar os principais desafios e necessidades quanto à gestão deste recurso. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da produção científica dos últimos 20 anos relacionada à temática da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. Após duas décadas de implementação da Lei da Águas no Brasil, diversos são os obstáculos existente no que diz respeito às questões chaves para o planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. A partir do conhecimento de tais obstáculos é necessário pensar em melhorias nos diversos níveis institucionais, políticos e administrativos.Palavras chave: Recursos hídricos; Bacia hidrográfica; Gestão integrada; Sustentabilidade. SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN RIVER BASINS: 20 YEARS OF THE LAW OF WATERS IN BRAZIL ABSTRACTThe national water resources policy in Brazil completes two decades and despite being considered a modern and promising law for the integrated and sustainable management of water resources, there are still several obstacles to water management in the country. The main objective of this work was to identify the fundamental issues related to water management and to analyze the weaknesses and potentialities of the Water Law in order to investigate the main challenges and needs regarding the management of this resource. For this, a bibliographic review of the scientific production of the last 20 years related to the management of water resources in Brazil was carried out. After two decades of implementation of the Water Law in Brazil, there are several obstacles to the key issues for planning and management of water resources. From the knowledge of such obstacles it is necessary to think about improvements at the various institutional, political and administrative levels.
A questão ambiental articulada à segurança alimentar surge como uma necessidade para refletir sobre a problemática socioambiental suscitada pelo modelo hegemônico da produção agrícola. A presente pesquisa-ação, realizada no restaurante Mamãe Natureza, em São Carlos (SP), teve como objetivo ampliar a compreensão teórico e prática da Educação Ambiental dos/as clientes. Para o levantamento histórico, realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com as sócias do restaurante e análise de documentos e fotos. A abordagemmunicativo-crítica orientou a produção de conhecimento mútuo e diversificado, em uma intervenção denominada “Cardápio de Ideias”, que resultou na sistematização de sugestões de atividades de Educação Ambiental e alimentação natural para o espaço.
Encounters between flowers and invertebrates are key events for the functioning of tropical forests. Assessing the structure of networks composed of the interactions between those partners leads to a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and the effects of environmental factors on ecological processes. Gathering such data is, however, costly and time‐consuming, especially in the highly diverse tropics. We aimed to provide a comprehensive repository of available flower–invertebrate interaction information for the Atlantic Forest, a South American tropical forest domain. Data were obtained from published works and “gray literature,” such as theses and dissertations, as well as self‐reports by co‐authors. The data set has ~18,000 interaction records forming 482 networks, each containing between one and 1061 interaction links. Each network was sampled for about 200 h or less, with few exceptions. A total of 641 plant genera within 136 different families and 39 orders were reported, with the most abundant and rich families being Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae. Invertebrates interacting with these plants were all arthropods from 10 orders, 129 families, and 581 genera, comprising 2419 morphotypes (including 988 named species). Hymenoptera was the most abundant and diverse order, with at least six times more records than the second‐ranked order (Lepidoptera). The complete data set shows Hymenoptera interacting with all plant orders and also shows Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera to be important nodes. Among plants, Asterales and Fabales had the highest number of interactions. The best sampled environment was forest (~8000 records), followed by pastures and crops. Savanna, grasslands, and urban environments (among others) were also reported, indicating a wide range of approaches dedicated to collecting flower–invertebrate interaction data in the Atlantic Forest domain. Nevertheless, most reported data were from forest understory or lower strata, indicating a knowledge gap about flower–invertebrate interactions at the canopy. Also, access to remote regions remains a limitation, generating sampling bias across the geographical range of the Atlantic Forest. Future studies in these continuous and hard‐to‐access forested areas will yield important new information regarding the interactions between flowers and invertebrates in the Atlantic Forest. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set. Please cite this data paper if the data are used in publications and teaching events.
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