Halitosis is defined as a foul odor emanated from the oral cavity, with great impact in quality of life and social restraints. Recently, the use of Breath Alert™ in research increased significantly. Halimeter™, another portable device, is often used in clinical practice. Nevertheless, not many studies have verified the accuracy and compared the results of both devices simultaneously. Objective: To verify the accuracy of Breath Alert™ and Halimeter™ in patients without chief complaint of halitosis, using the organoleptic test (OT) as "gold standard." The second aim was to verify whether their concomitant use could enhance the diagnostic accuracy of halitosis. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed. The quality of expired air of 34 subjects without chief complaint of halitosis was assessed. Two experienced examiners carried out the OT. Afterward, a third blinded examiner performed Halimeter™ (HT) and Breath Alert™ (BA) tests. Results: The OT identified halitosis in 21 subjects (62%). The area under the ROC curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.67 (0.48-0.85) and 0.54 (0.34-0.75) for HT and BA, respectively. The accuracy for HT and BA was 59% and 47%, respectively. The combined usage of HT and BA provided 11 positive results, being 9 subjects (43%) out of the total of 21 positive cases. Conclusions: Halimeter™ and Breath Alert™ were not able to diagnose halitosis in non-complainer subjects at the same level as the organoleptic examination, since their accuracy were low. Our results suggest that such portable devices are not reliable tools to assess halitosis and may neglect or misdiagnose a considerable number of patients in clinical practice.
about the time and place, afraid, suspicious and speaking incoherently. Physical and neurological exams were otherwise normal. Initial workup included hematological, toxicological, neuroradiologic and electroencephalographic assessments, which were all within normal range. A febrile rash -followed by pruritus, myalgia, arthralgia, periocular pain and posterior cervical adenopathy, which began 14 days before the onset of the behavioral symptoms and remitted after a week -was then reported by his parents.We extended the investigation to rule out other medical conditions leading to the psychotic episode. All CSF parameters were within the normal range. In peripheral blood we detected positive dengue virus (DENV) in ELISA, IgM, and IgG tests; the NS1 antigen was undetectable and RT-PCR was negative for DENV. RT-PCRs for ZIKV resulted positive in multiple blood samples. An intense cross-reaction was observed across DENV and ZIKV ELISA titers, 3,4 leading us to conclude that this was the case. After five days of Haloperidol with no response, the prescription was changed to Risperidone 2 mg/day and remission was achieved in three days. The patient was discharged and medication was tapered off after 3 weeks. No relapse in symptoms was noted during one year of follow-up in our specialized FEP outpatient service.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which psychiatric symptoms were the only complication of acute ZIKV infection. There is much evidence of psychiatric symptomatology in viral infections. Denguerelated manic and psychotic episodes have been described in which symptoms suggesting encephalitis or encephalopathy were not seen -thus supporting flavivirus' role in inducing purely behavioral symptoms. Cases in which DENV infections have led to neuropsychiatric complications are numerous, well established in the literature and more commonly diagnosed than in regular clinical practice. 5Neuroimmune mechanisms leading to psychosis during acute CNS stress is an open and prolific field for research. On the clinical front, mental health professionals dealing with emergency psychiatry and FEP must have a high grade of suspicion to avoid underrecognizing particularand self-limited -conditions.
Objective: to analyze cases of suicide and suicide attempts by elderly persons in feature films. Method: a survey of specialized internet cinema portals was carried out. A total of 19 feature films produced between 1950 and 2014 were identified. After the authors watched the films, synopses were written describing the circumstances of the suicide and dialogue that described the profile of the elderly character was transcribed. Results: films that described suicide among the elderly were classified as follows: male gender in 13 films (68%), depression with hopelessness in 12 (63%), existence and efficiency of health services, physical illness and absence of familiar support in ten (for each category) (53%), cognitive rigidity in eight (42%), suicidal thinking in seven (37%), dysfunctional assumptions and a self-perception of negativity in six (32%), problem-solving deficits in five (26%) and a lack of social support in five (26%). Conclusion: the portrayal of suicide among the elderly in films helps to raise awareness of this subject and prevent it.
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