Diabetes mellitus (DM)-related morbidity and mortality are steadily rising worldwide, affecting about half a billion people worldwide. A significant proportion of diabetic cases are in the elderly, which is concerning given the increasing aging population. Proper nutrition is an important component in the effective management of diabetes in the elderly. A plethora of active substances of plant origin exhibit potency to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The nutraceutical and pharmaceutical effects of anthocyanins have been extensively studied. In this study, the effect of Hungarian sour cherry, which is rich in anthocyanins, on hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction was tested using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were maintained under both normoglycemic (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (30 mM) conditions with or without two concentrations (1.50 ng/µL) of anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response and damaged vasorelaxation processes were investigated by evaluating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and gene expression of four proinflammatory cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α), as well as the gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1). It was found that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress was significantly suppressed by anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract in a concentration-dependent manner. The gene expression of the tested proinflammatory cytokines increased under hyperglycemic conditions but was significantly reduced by both 1 and 50 ng/µL anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract. Further, although increased ET-1 and ECE-1 expression due to hyperglycemia was reduced by anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract, NOS expression was increased by the extract. Collectively, these data suggest that anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract could alleviate hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasorelaxant effects.
Temporal development of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on fruits was analysed in two organic apple orchards on three apple cultivars in Eastern Hungary from 2002 to 2006. The threeparameter logistic function gave the best fit to brown rot over four non-linear growth functions in all cultivars, years and orchards. Depending on location, year and cultivar, disease increased continuously from 6 to 8 weeks before harvest up to harvest, reaching 19-37% of disease incidence. Disease variables of Y f , the final disease incidence; β, relative rate of disease progress; AUDPC S , standardized area under disease progress curve; T 1.5 , the time when disease incidence reaches 1.5% (day), and M, the inflection point were derived from the three-parameter logistic function. The disease variables of Y f , β, and AUDPC S were used in a computer simulation for predicting temporal brown rot development, and the disease variables of T 1.5 , M, and Y f were used to determine threshold values for epidemic intensity. Afterwards these were used to construct a fundamental model for developing a brown rot forecasting and management strategy (BRFMS). The fundamental model contained four parts: i) data insertion and analyses by computer simulation of pathogen submodels, ii) calculation of yield loss threshold levels based on disease incidence, iii) determination of epidemic intensity levels and iv) a decision module with suggestions for disease management practices for each epidemic intensity level. The fundamental model was supplemented with the prediction of occurrence of the first fruit rot symptoms and with the insect injury prediction related to brown rot development in order to complete a BRFMS for organic apple orchards. In a 3-year field evaluation from 2006 to 2008, season-long application of BRFMS treatments reduced the number of sprays against brown rot by 22-33% compared with the treatments of general spray schedules against brown rot.
The objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the genetic diversity of Monilinia laxa isolates from Hungary, using the PCR-based inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique; secondly, to prepare genetic diversity groups based on the dendrograms; and finally, to select some relevant isolates to study their fungicide sensitivity. 55 and 77 random amplified polymorphic ISSR and RAPD markers, of which 23 and 18 were polymorphic and 32 and 59 monomorphic, respectively, were used to assess the genetic diversity and to study the structure of M. laxa populations in Hungary. 27 isolates out of 57 ones were confirmed as M. laxa from several orchards (subpopulations) in three geographical regions, in various inoculum sources and in various hosts, were used. 10 fungicides and 12 isolates selected from genetic diversity groups based on the ISSR dendrograms were used to determine the fungicide sensitivity of the selected isolates. The analysis of population structure revealed that genetic diversity within locations, inoculum sources and host (H(S)) accounted for 99 % of the total genetic diversity (H(T)), while genetic diversity among locations, inoculum sources and host represented only 1 %. The relative magnitude of gene differentiation between subpopulations (G(ST)) and the estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) averaged 0.005-0.009 and 53.9-99.2, respectively, for both ISSR and RAPD data set. The results obtained in dendrograms were in accordance with the gene diversity analysis. Grouping of isolates in the dendrograms was irrespective of whether they came from the same or different geographical locations. There was no relationship between clustering among isolates from inoculum sources and hosts. In the fungicide sensitivity tests, five isolates out of 12 were partly insensitive to boscalid+piraclostrobin, cyprodinil, fenhexamid or prochloraz. Obtained results in genetic diversity of M. laxa populations are discussed together with implications for the management of brown rot.
Diabetes mellitus-related morbidity and mortality is a rapidly growing healthcare problem, globally. Several nutraceuticals exhibit potency to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The antidiabetic effects of compounds of garlic have been extensively studied, however, limited data are available on the biological effects of a certain garlic component, allithiamine. In this study, allithiamine was tested using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a hyperglycaemic model. HUVECs were isolated by enzymatic digestion and characterized by flow cytometric analysis using antibodies against specific marker proteins including CD31, CD45, CD54, and CD106. The non-cytotoxic concentration of allithiamine was determined based on MTT, apoptosis, and necrosis assays. Subsequently, cells were divided into three groups: incubating with M199 medium as the control; or with 30 mMol/L glucose; or with 30 mMol/L glucose plus allithiamine. The effect of allithiamine on the levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), activation of NF-κB, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress was investigated. We found that in the hyperglycaemia-induced increase in the level of AGEs, pro-inflammatory changes were significantly suppressed by allithiamine. However, allithiamine could not enhance the activity of transketolase, but it exerts a potent antioxidant effect. Collectively, our data suggest that allithiamine could alleviate the hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect by a mechanism unrelated to the transketolase activity.
In a 2‐year study, elder aphid (Aphis sambuci) dynamics over time and berry yield were evaluated in two production systems (integrated and organic) and in two winter pruning treatments (trees pruned to four and eight scaffolds) in two black elderberry orchards in Hungary. In the organic production system, the first aphid colony was observed 1–2 weeks earlier (late‐March) in both years and locations compared to the integrated programme. The number of aphid colonies then increased until mid‐May in both years, reaching a maximum number of aphid colonies of 11.2 on 100 scaffolds in the integrated production system and of 38.9 in the organic programme. Then, the number of colonies decreased and reached a zero value at mid‐June in the integrated production system and 2 weeks later (early July) in the organic one in both years and locations. First autumn aphid colonies were observed in early September in the integrated production system but 2 weeks earlier (late August) in the organic one in both years and locations. The number of aphid colonies between mid‐April and mid‐June indicated a larger increase on trees pruned to eight scaffolds compared to trees pruned to four scaffolds. Both the total number of aphid colonies and the area under the aphid colony curves (AUACC) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the integrated treatments compared with organic ones. Across all treatments, both measures were significantly lower (P < 0.05) on trees pruned to four scaffolds compared with trees pruned to eight scaffolds. However, when the effect of pruning on the number of aphid colonies was analysed separately for integrated and organic plots, pruning caused significant differences in aphid colony numbers and AUACC in the organic plots. Berry yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the integrated treatments compared with the organic ones, but pruning showed no significant effect on yield. Overall, pruning to four scaffolds resulted in a lower aphid colony number in the organic production system compared to the integrated one. Thus, winter pruning may be useful as an aphid control strategy in organic elderberry orchards.
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