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Antipredator behaviors allow prey to mitigate the impacts of their predators. We investigated antipredator responses of two herbivore species, roe deer and European hare, and one mesopredator, red fox, toward predation risk imposed by lynx and wolf. We collected data (using camera traps) on visitation frequency and vigilance behavior to olfactory predator stimuli during 158 standardized scent trials in five areas across Europe, where lynx and wolves either occurred or had been absent for centuries. After a period without scent, trial sites were either marked with lynx or wolf urine, or butyric acid (unspecific scent used to contrast species-specific scent responses). We expected the two herbivores to respond aversively (reduced visitation frequency, and increased vigilance) to predator urine, while red foxes (scavengers) might adopt a risk-sensitive exploration strategy by increasing vigilance near predator urine without reducing visitation frequency. For all species, we expected stronger responses toward the ambush predator lynx than to the pursue predator wolf (cryptic predator hypothesis). If prey responds more strongly to predator stimuli when coexisting with the predator, we expected stronger reactions to predator urine in areas where predators occurred (naïve prey hypothesis). Roe deer significantly avoided lynx urine and butyric acid, but not wolf urine. However, roe deer visitation frequency did not differ between scent treatment with large

Abstrakt: V současné době prochází významnými změnami systém péče o ohrožené děti, ať už z hlediska institucionálního, tak legislativního. Na jednu z dílčích oblastí probíhajících změn se zaměřují výzkumné aktivity realizované v rámci Studentské grantové soutěže nesoucí název Faktory ovlivňující formu náhradní rodinné péče. Tímto tématem se zabýváme, neboť v České republice rozlišujeme různé formy náhradní rodinné péče, do níž jsou umísťovány děti z rozličných důvodů, neznáme však přesné souvislosti tohoto umísťování. Cílem realizovaného výzkumu bylo zjistit četnost zvolení dané formy umístění dítěte do náhradní rodinné péče dle sledovaných proměnných. Výzkumný soubor kvantitativně pojatého výzkumu byl tvořen dětmi svěřenými do jedné z forem náhradní rodinné péče v Moravskoslezském kraji.Klíčová slova: náhradní rodinná péče, pěstounská péče, poručenství s péčí, svěření dítěte do péče jiné osoby, sociální pracovník, sociálně-právní ochrana dětí Factors Affecting the Form of Substitute Family CareAbstract: Recently, the system of care for endangered children has changed from the institutional as well as legislative point of view. In one of the partial areas of ongoing changes, research activities realised within the Students' Grant Competition called The Factors Affecting the Form of Substitute Family Care are being focused. We deal with this topic because various forms of substitute family care are distinguished in the Czech Republic, where children are placed for various reasons, but we do not know the correct context of such placements. The main aim of the realised research was to find out the frequency of choosing a given form of placing children in substitute family care according to followed variables. The research sample of the quantitative research was consisted of children placed in one of the forms of substitute family care in the Moravian-Silesian region.Keywords: substitute family care, foster care, guardianship, entrusting child to care of another person, social worker, social-legal protection of children

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Child protection was traditionally based on a presumption that the mother best knows what is in the best interest of her child. The discourse began to be questioned in the Czech Republic in the 1990s, followed by efforts to bring interests and needs of children into focus, as well as the ways in which they can be taken into account in the assessment process as a basis for intervention. This paper aimed to identify key features of the child-centered approach in the professional discourse of the Czech child protection and to analyze the conditions of its application. The goal was achieved through qualitative thematic analysis of professional texts in the area of social and legal protection of children since 1990 and also of legislative and methodological materials regulating child protection. This paper shows the changing of the paradigm in the social and legal protection of children and points out the shortcomings in social work practice. The reason for optimism may be the fact that an umbrella body of state administration for child protection is aware of shortcomings and, in the form of projects focusing on various topics of social work with families, works to improve competences and knowledge.