Pneumatic reduction of 246 intussusceptions was attempted in 219 patients over a 5-year period. The mean age of the patients was 15.4 months. Successful reduction was achieved in 199 cases (80.9%). Bowel perforation occurred in seven cases (2.8%), requiring needle decompression of tension pneumoperitoneum in one case. Recurrence of intussusception occurred in 27 cases (11%). The mean fluoroscopy time was 3.5 minutes +/- 0.2 in successful reductions and 9.3 minutes +/- 0.9 in failed reductions (P less than .001). Logistic regression analysis helped identify four independent predictors of failure, as follows: (a) ileoileocolic intussusception (P less than .001), (b) long duration of symptoms (P less than .001), (c) rectal bleeding (P less than .01), and (d) failed reduction with barium at another institution (P less than .05). Predictors of bowel perforation were a younger age (P less than .05) and long duration of symptoms (P less than .05). Surgery was performed in 48 cases (19.5%), 16 of which required bowel resection. Transmural necrosis of bowel wall was found in nine specimens. The most important predictor of outcome in this series was a long duration of symptoms. Pneumatic reduction is a useful substitute for barium in the management of pediatric intussusception.
Previous studies have shown that interaction of an observer rat with a previously fed conspecific demonstrator enhances the observer's subsequent preference for the diet its demonstrator ate. The present series of experiments were undertaken to explore both the conditions sufficient to permit demonstrator influence on observer diet preference and the behavioral processes underlying such influence. We found (1) that an observer rat can be influenced in its subsequent diet selection by interaction for as little as 2 min with a demonstrator, (2) that during such brief interactions mouth-to-mouth contact between demonstrator and observer is necessary for demonstrator influence on observer diet preference, (3) that both cues emerging from the digestive tract of a rat fed by intragastric intubation and particles of food clinging to the fur of a demonstrator are sufficient to permit observers to identify their respective demonstrators' diets, (4) that exposure to a diet is effective in enhancing an observer's subsequent preference for that diet only if the diet is experienced in the presence of another rat, and (5) that diets experienced on the anterior of a live rat are more effective in altering observers' subsequent diet preferences than the same diets experienced either on the anterior of a dead rat or the posterior of a live one.The results of a number of recent studies indicate that during social interaction olfactory cues pass from a recently fed rat (a demonstrator) to a naive conspecific (an observer), influencing that observer's subsequent diet selection. A naive rat that interacts with a demonstrator will, when given a choice of diets, exhibit a substantially enhanced preference for the diet its demonstrator ate (Galef & Wigmore, 1983;Posadas-Andrews & Roper, 1983;Strupp & Levitsky, 1984).Olfactory cues sufficient to produce demonstrator influence on observer diet preference are complex. Under at least some experimental conditions, simple exposure to a diet is not adequate to enhance preference for that diet, whereas exposure to the same diet in the presence of a rat will markedly enhance preference for it (Galef, Kennett, & Stein, 1985;Strupp & Levitsky, 1984; Experiment 4, below). In such situations, it seems appropriate to think of the complex message passing from demonstrator to observer, resulting in alteration in observer diet preference, as consisting oftwo components: (1) a dietrelated component that permits an observer to identify its demonstrator's diet and (2) a rat-produced context that acts in concert with the diet-related component to enhance 31 an observer's subsequent preference for the diet of its demonstrator. Such segmentation of animal communications into a signal and context that jointly determine the response of a recipient to a communication has proven useful in previous analyses of communicative behaviors in animals (for a review, see Smith, 1977).In the present series of experiments, we first explored the social interactions critical for demonstrator influence on subsequent observer ...
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a naive rat (an observer), after interacting briefly with a previously fed conspecific(a demonstrator), will exhibit an enhanced preference for the diet its demonstrator had been fed. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether demonstrator-induced alterations in observer diet preference were the result of simple exposure of observers to diet-identifying cues emitted by demonstrators during the period of demonstrator-observer interaction. Our results indicated that observer experience of diet-related cues in the stimulus context provided by the presence of a demonstrator was sufficient to enhance observer preference for a diet, whereas simple exposure to that diet was not. We concluded that demonstrator influence on observer diet preferences was not the consequence of simple exposure of observers to demonstrator-emitted cues reflecting demonstrators' diet.
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