Purpose:  To determine the frequency of dry eyes in patients after cataract surgery and to find out the effect of gender, duration of cataract and age on dry eye symptoms after phacoemulsification. Study Design:  Descriptive Observational study. Place and Duration of Study:  Layton Rehmatulla Benevolent Trust Free Eye and Cancer Hospital, Lahore from October 2015 to April 2016. Methods:  One hundred and twenty patients between 40-80 years of age and suffering from cataract were included. Past medical history and current medical information was recorded. To control bias, only one experienced surgeon carried out the procedures. Follow-up was done at 1st post-operative day, one week, one month and 3 months. Tear film break up time was noted at each visit. Quantitative variables like age and tear film break-up time (TBUT) were presented as mean ± SD. The Qualitative variables were presented as frequency and percentages. Data was stratified according to age, gender and duration of cataract. Post-stratification Chi-square test was applied and p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results:  Out of 120 patients, there were 47 (39%) males and 73 (61%) females. A total of 35 (29.2%) patients had dry eyes. Mean age was 59.11 ± 12.358 years while mean TBUT was 11.27 ± 2.582 seconds. There was no relation of dry eye with gender, duration of cataract and different age groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion:  Frequency of Dry eyes after cataract surgery was 29.2% (n = 35). There was no effect of gender, duration of cataract and age of the patient on the post-operative TBUT after phacoemulsification.

IntroductionOpacification of the posterior capsule is labeled as a secondary cataract. The objective of the current study was to assess central macular thickness (CMT) changes following neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (ND-YAG) posterior capsulotomy and to find out the correlation between CMT with the age, energy, and total shots utilized during the procedure. MethodologyIn this single-centered prospective observational study, 137 patients with a mean age of 57 ± 12.61 years, who had cataract surgery previously and were candidates for ND-YAG posterior capsulotomy were recruited through consecutive sampling. The study was conducted at Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust (LRBT) Free Eye Hospital, Township, Lahore, Pakistan, between April 2020 to April 2021. The CMT, total energy, and sum total of shots used were recorded. The thickness of the central macula was measured preoperatively and postoperatively after two weeks. The paired sample t-test was used to find out any significant changes in CMT pre and two weeks postoperatively. The comparison of changes in CMT to age, energy, and the total number of shots was made through Pearson correlation. Means of CMT were compared using an independent sample t-test, at two weeks postoperatively among two energy groups. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between preoperative and two weeks postoperative values of the CMT (P-value= 0.209). No significant difference was found in CMT statistically among the two energy groups (p=0.11). The patient's age, sum total of laser shots, and aggregate of laser energy did not have any significant correlation with CMT changes. The time period between cataract surgery and ND-YAG surgery showed a moderately positive correlation with a p-value of 0.01. ConclusionThe current study revealed that ND-YAG capsulotomy does not affect the CMT significantly postoperatively. The patient's age, total energy applied, and the total number of laser shots used do not influence the macular thickness. However, the length of duration from the last cataract surgery to the current surgery was significantly associated with a change in the CMT.

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) in the patients presenting to a teaching hospital in Pakistan, and to find the most common factors associated with high frequency of ARMD. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Layton Rehmatullah Benevolent Trust Free Eye Hospital Township Lahore from 1st January 2019 to 30th June 2020. Methods: A total of 720 patients with ages more than 60 years were included. Participants with no media opacity were selected randomly from the outpatient department. After which Informed consent was taken from all participants for taking retinal images. 45 degree retinal images were taken using an Eight megapixel fundus camera (Topcon). Fundus fluorescein angiography and Optical coherence tomography (OCT) were conducted in patients clinically diagnosed with ARMD. A specifically designed proforma was used to document data like age & gender, smoking pattern, visual acuity for far and near vision, and staging of ARMD (if Present). Also recorded were Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar level, cholesterol levels, and height of patient. Results: The number of subjects participating in the study was 720, among which 350 (48.61%) were male while 370 (51.39%) were female. The prevalence of ARMD turned was found to be 5.27% (38/720) in the local population. The frequency of patients having signs of dry ARMD was 25 (65.7%), which were more than those having wet ARMD i.e., 13 (34.3%). Smoking was found to be most commonly associated with ARMD (36%). The second most common association was with hypertension (21%). While Hyperlipidaemia (11%), Diabetes Mellitus type II (10%), and obesity (6%) had a lesser association with ARMD. The prevalence of depression in patients of ARMD was 92.1%. Conclusion: ARMD is most frequent in smokers and they should be educated about this risk.

Background Even though significant improvements have been made in the field of ophthalmology, retinal detachment is still an ever-increasing issue in both developing and developed countries. The present study evaluated the risk factors of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center between June 2020 and March 2021. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with RRD were enrolled in the study. Patients with inconclusive diagnoses and multiple comorbidities were excluded from the study. A detailed history was taken, including previous surgery and ocular trauma or infections. A comprehensive ocular examination was conducted by an experienced ophthalmologist, including a dilated fundus examination. The causes and type of RRD were documented. Results In the study, a majority of the patients were males, with a mean age of 37.84 (18.29) years and a range of 5-74 years. The majority of those with total RRD were males, i.e., 37%; however, the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.476). The study revealed that most of the RRD were diagnosed in patients <45 years of age; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p<0.227). The most frequent cause of RRD was lattice degeneration. While 23% of patients with RRD had a history of ocular trauma, uncomplicated phaco was detected in 17 cases. It was found that patients aged less than 45 years more frequently reported ocular trauma as the cause of RRD (p=0.004). Similarly, the cause of RRD was also significantly associated with the type of RRD (p=0.001). Conclusion The present study concludes that lattice degeneration, ocular trauma, uncomplicated, and complicated phaco are the main predisposing factors associated with RRD. Furthermore, the majority of the patients were males in their late thirties. Age, gender, and eye involvement were not significantly associated with the type of RRD.