Objectives: Bibliographic review on occupational stress and burnout presence in physicians and nurses that work in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. Methods: The articles were selected from the MedLine, LILACS and Sci-Elo data base using the key words: stress, burnout, physicians, nursing, intensive care unit, pediatric intensive care unit and neonatal intensive care unit. The studied period was from 1990 to 2007. Results: Health professionals who work in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units are strong candidates for developing stress, psychological alterations and burnout syndrome. Researches on this subject identified important alterations suffered by these physicians and nurses, such as: work overload, burnout, desires of giving up their jobs, high levels of cortisol, among other alterations. Conclusions: Professionals, who work in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units, due to the specificity of their job, are liable of developing occupational stress, and consequently burnout. These results suggest the need to research the matter further, with the objective of developing preventive measures and intervention models.

Portuguese / English: www.scielo.br/reeusp RESUMO Comparar a Qualidade de Vida (QV) de mé-dicos e enfermeiros que trabalham em UTI Pediátrica (PED) e Neonatal (NEO) e, também, avaliar se há diferença entre a QV na mesma categoria profissional, mas diferindo de acordo com a unidade de trabalho. Estudo descritivo com 37 médicos e 20 enfermeiros. O WHOQOL-100 foi utilizado. Médicos da PED diferiram estatisticamente no domínio VI (p=0,003), quando comparados com médicos da NEO. Médicos e enfermeiros da PED apresentaram diferença estatística significante no domínio V (p < 0,01), e médicos e enfermeiros da NEO apresentaram diferença estatística significante no domínio VI (p=0,05). A avaliação da QV de mé-dicos e enfermeiros intensivistas pediátricos e neonatais mostrou-se abaixo dos escores encontrados na literatura científica, quando comparados com estudos que avaliaram pacientes com dores crônicas e com prejuí-zos na saúde mental, evidenciando a ocorrência de estresse ocupacional. DESCRITORES ABSTRACTCompare the Quality of Life (QL) of doctors and nurses who work in Pediatric (PED) and Neonatal (NEO) Intensive Care Units, and to evaluate whether there are differences between the QL in the same job category, but differing according to the work unit. This descriptive study was performed with 37 physicians and 20 nurses. The WHOQOL100 was used. Physicians from the PED differ statistically in the field VI (p=0.003) compared with physicians from the NEO. Physicians and nurses from the PED showed a statistically significant difference in field V (p<0.01), while physicians and nurses from the NEO showed a statistically significant difference in field VI (p=0.05). The QL assessment of physicians and nurses working in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units was below the scores found in scientific literature, compared to studies that evaluated patients with chronic pain and mental health disorders, indicating the occurrence of occupational stress. KEY WORDS RESUMENComparar la Calidad de Vida (QV) de médicos y enfermeros que trabajan en UTI Pediátrica (PED) y neonatal (NEO) y, también evaluar si existe diferencia entre la QV en la misma categoría profesional, aunque variando de acuerdo con la unidad de trabajo. Estudio descriptivo con 37 médicos y 20 enfermeros. Fue utilizado el WHOQOL-100. Los médicos de PED diferían estadísticamente en el dominio VI (p=0,003) en comparación con los mé-dicos de NEO. Médicos y enfermeros de PED presentaron una diferencia estadística significativa en el dominio V (p<0,01) y médicos y enfermeros de NEO presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el dominio VI (p=0,05). La evaluación de la QV de médicos y enfermeros intensivistas pediátricos y neonatales se mostró por debajo de los puntajes observados en la literatura científica, al ser comparados con estudios que evaluaron pacientes con dolores crónicos y con problemas de salud mental, evidenciando la existencia de estrés ocupacional. DESCRIPTORES

Objective: To investigate the relationship between work and quality of life of doctors and nurses in pediatric intensive care units and neonatal.Methods: Cross-sectional study with 37 doctors and 20 nurses. The Job Content Questionnarie (JCQ) e Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-100) were used. The correlation was estimated by Spearman correlation coefficient.Results: The effort is inversely correlated with the areas physical, psychological, level of independence, environment (p<0.01) and social relationship (p<0.05). The reward is inversely correlated with the areas and psychological (p<0.05) level of independence (p<0.01). Control over the work is directly correlated with the physical domain (p<0.05). The psychological demands are inversely correlated with the areas physical (p<0.05), psychological (p<0.01) and level of independence (p<0.01). The physical demand is inversely correlated with physical areas, level of independence, environmental (p<0.01) and psychological (p<0.05). Job insecurity is inversely correlated with the psychological fields, level of independence (p<0.05) and the environment (p<0.01). Support the supervisor is directly correlated with degree of independence (p <0.05).Conclusion: Doctors and nurses showed high efforts, demands psychological, physical and job insecurity that impact on quality of life.

This study compared the balance between effort (E) and reward (R) among physicians and nurses working in pediatric (PED) and neonatal (NEO) Intensive Care Units. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 37 physicians and 20 nurses. The Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire was used. Statistically significant differences were not found among physicians (p>0.05) or nurses from PED and NEO in relation to E and R (p>0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between physicians and nurses in PED in the several studied variables. Comparison between the professionals working in NEO revealed that physicians presented more over-commitment than nurses (p=0.01).The organizational setting of NEO proved to be more demanding for physicians, exacting a greater commitment to their work, while demands presented in both units seemed to be the same for nurses. Estudio preliminar sobre el estrés ocupacional de médicos y enfermeros en UTI pediátrica y neonatal: el equilibrio entre esfuerzo y recompensaEl objetivo del estudio fue comparar el equilibrio entre esfuerzo (E) y recompensa (R) entre médicos de unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (PED) y neonatal (NEO) y entre enfermeros de las mismas unidades. Este es estudio transversal descriptivo con 37 médicos y 20 enfermeros. El cuestionario Effort-Reward Imbalance fue utilizado. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre médicos de la PED y de la NEO en relación al E y R (p>0,05). De la misma forma, enfermeros de la PED y de la NEO no tuvieron diferencias estadísticas en relación al E y R (p>0,05). Comparando médicos con enfermeros de la PED, no fueron encontradas diferencias entre las variables estudiadas. En relación a la comparación hecha entre profesionales de la NEO, se encontró un mayor súper compromiso de médicos de que de enfermeros (p=0,01). El ambiente organizacional de la NEO se mostró más exigente para los médicos, determinando mayor compromiso con el trabajo, en cuanto que, para los enfermeros de ambas unidades, la demanda pareció ser la misma.

To compare the demand and control over work of physicians and nurses working in pediatric and neonatal critical care units. Cross-sectional study with 37 doctors and 20 nurses. We used the Job Content Questionnarie. Physicians from the ICU Neonatal differ in social support received from the supervisor (p= 0.01) compared to the ICU Pediatric. ICU nurses of the Neonatal present job insecurity (p= 0.05). Physicians and nurses from the ICU Pediatric differ in control over the work, psychological demands of work, physical effort and support of the supervisor (p <0.05). Physicians and nurses from the ICU Neonatal show statistical differences in control over the work, physical effort and support of the supervisor (p<0.05). The work environment in the ICU'S presents high demand and low control over the work.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE INTRODUCTIONThe practice of massage is a very ancient activity that spread out from the Orient.1 Over recent years, it has been presented in the West as an alternative therapeutic method that gives rise to certain proposed effects. Among the uses that have been put forward, there has been increasing development of techniques for its use on babies. One of the most widely-used of these massage techniques in the hospital environment in Brazil is Shantala, 2 which was brought from India by the French doctor Frédérick Leboyer. 1 Shantala massage is one of the oldest and most traditional therapies, especially in the Kerala region of southern India, where it first became widely used among the population. Initially, it was used by monks in monasteries, and subsequently it grew into a tradition that was transmitted naturally and progressively from mother to daughters, when they first became pregnant. In the 1960s, while visiting India, Leboyer observed a young woman serenely concentrating on massaging her baby while sitting on the floor with the child over her legs. 1 According to Mathai, the use of massage therapy on preterm and full-term babies was associated with weight gain and superior behavioral maturation using Brazelton's scale. 3,4 Although the effects of massage therapy on psychological maturation are not well known, the autonomous nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are the mediators of its effects. [4][5][6] Assessing stress hormone levels (salivary cortisol) and/or neuropeptide pain levels (substance P) during stressful medical procedures could provide additional measurement of the effects of massage therapy as an adjunct to the standard management of seriously ill patients. 7 OBJECTIVEWith the possibility in mind that tactilekinesthetic stimulation could be used to diminish distress among hospitalized infants (e.g. in pediatric intensive care units), we evaluated the levels of salivary cortisol before and after Shantala massage therapy on healthy infants. Through this, we aimed to obtain information that could contribute towards understanding the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in relation to traumatic stress. PATIENTS AND METHODSThe effects of Shantala massage therapy on salivary cortisol levels were ascertained for 11 infants (4 females and 7 males), aged 4 to 6 months (median age: 5 months) who were regularly enrolled in a public nursery, in São Paulo, Brazil. The Ethics Committee of the university approved the protocol and the parents gave written consent for their child's participation (Protocol no. 033-01; Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de São Paulo -Escola Paulista de Medicina).Saliva samples were obtained at three times during a single day: between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m. and between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m. at the nursery, and between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. at home. This was done on the day before the first massage session and after it. Saliva was collected (one hour prior to the massage), with due regard for the meal time...

There is a high incidence of academic failure in university students which manifests in different ways, such as: low ratings, delayed subjects, course changes and dropouts. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 262 students, which we evaluated the academic experience of the student of Psychology. The Reduced-Academic Experiences Questionnaire was applied. For each year studied we perceived statistical differences, taking into account the period the student studies: 1 st year study and institution item (p = 0.039 and 0.000); 2 nd year interpersonal and institutional item (p = 0.014 and 0.005). We found statistical differences between morning and night period in 4 th -year-students in relation to personal and interpersonal items (p = 0.056 and 0.038). In relation to students from previous years compared to 5 th -year-students, the significant statistical results were: 1 st and 5 th in personal (p = 0.004), study (p = 0.001) and institutional items (p = 0.001), 2 nd and 5 th in interpersonal (p = 0.050) and institutional items (p = 0.023), 3 rd and 5 th year in personal item (p = 0.000). We concluded the areas identified above present some domains which certainly best describe the academic adaptation, thus serving as goals for future investigations, in order to intervene and avoid problems in the adaptation of the entrant student at university.Keywords: Higher education; Students; Psychology. ResumoHá grande incidência de insucesso acadêmico nos alunos universitários a qual se manifesta de diversos modos, como: baixas avaliações, disciplinas em atraso, mudanças de curso e abandonos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com

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