The interaction of genetic and dietary factors, as an area of CVD research, has been explored poorly. The aim of the present study was to examine the interaction of dietary patterns and three genetic variants of APOA1 and APOC3, both independently and in combination, relative to the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Tehranian adults. In the present matched, nested case -control study, 414 subjects with the MetS and 414 controls were selected from the participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis. APOC3 (rs5128 3238C . G) and APOA1 (rs670, 275G. A and rs5069,þ83C.T) SNP were genotyped by the conventional PCR followed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Overall, three major dietary patterns were extracted: healthy dietary pattern (HDP); Western dietary pattern (WDP); fat -sweet dietary pattern (FSDP). The A and T allele carriers of the APOA1 SNP had a greater risk of developing the MetS in the highest quartile of WDP scores (OR 3·22, 95 % CI 1·21, 8·58, P interaction ¼ 0·03). Compared with other genotype combinations, the combined effect of APOC3/APOA1 (CC/GA þ AA/CT þ TT) genotypes showed a further increase in the risk of the MetS in the highest quartile of WDP scores (OR 1, 2·49, 8·73, 6·32, P trend , 0·001, P interaction ¼ 0·003). A significant interaction was found between the quartiles of FSDP scores and the APOA1 diplotype (GA þ AA/CT þ TT). OR for these genotype carriers were 1, 0·65, 0·57 and 0·22 (P trend ¼ 0·006) in the lowest to the highest quartile of FSDP scores when compared with the other combined genotypes (P interaction ¼ 0·03). Our findings suggest that the WDP and FSDP are associated with APOA1 and APOC3 SNP in relation to the risk of the MetS.

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Background and aims Individuals with celiac disease (CD), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), show overlapping clinical symptoms and experience gut dysbiosis. A limited number of studies so far compared the gut microbiota among these intestinal conditions. This study aimed to investigate the similarities in the gut microbiota among patients with CD, NCWS, and IBS in comparison to healthy controls (HC). Materials and methods In this prospective study, in total 72 adult subjects, including CD (n = 15), NCWS (n = 12), IBS (n = 30), and HC (n = 15) were recruited. Fecal samples were collected from each individual. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) test using 16S ribosomal RNA was conducted on stool samples to assess the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus spp. Results In all groups, Firmicutes and Lactobacillus spp. had the highest and lowest relative abundance respectively. The phylum Firmicutes had a higher relative abundance in CD patients than other groups. On the other hand, the phylum Bacteroidetes had the highest relative abundance among healthy subjects but the lowest in patients with NCWS. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. was lower in subjects with CD (P = 0.035) and IBS (P = 0.001) compared to the HCs. Also, the alteration of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) was statistically significant in NCWS and CD patients compared to the HCs (P = 0.05). Conclusion The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), as a powerful multivariate analysis, suggested that the investigated gut microbial profile of patients with IBS and NCWS share more similarities to the HCs. In contrast, patients with CD had the most dissimilarity compared to the other groups in the context of the studied gut microbiota.

Background and aims: Some chronic intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), coeliac disease (CD), and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), can make some changes to the gut microbiota composition and cause dysbiosis. This study aimed to determine the gut microbiota alterations in CD, NCGS, and IBS patients among the Iranian population compared to healthy controls.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 72 patients, including 15 healthy controls (HC), 30 IBS, 12 NCGS, and 15 CD patients were included. IBS, CD, and NCGS were diagnosed based on the Rome IV diagnostic criteria, Modified Marsh classification, and gluten challenge test. Stool samples were collected from patients, and after DNA extraction, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed for assessing the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus spp. Results: Firmicutes and Lactobacillus spp. were the most and the least abundant phylum in all samples, respectively. In CD patients, Firmicutes phylum was the most significant relative abundance. Bacteroidetes phylum had a significant relative abundance in CD (P<0.01) and NCGS (P<0.05) patients. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. was statistically lower in CD (P<0.05) and IBS patients (P<0.001) compared to the HCs. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was statistically significant in NCGS and CD patients compared to the HCs (P = 0.05).Conclusion: Chronic intestinal diseases, including IBS, CD, and NCGS, can alter the gut microbiota composition.

Aims Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease triggered by gluten and other environmental factors, such as intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed persons. This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the target gut microbiota population in patients with CD and to compare it with healthy individuals. Methods & Materials In this case-control study, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were evaluated in the fecal samples of 20 celiac patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD) with 20 healthy individuals referred to the Celiac Disease Department, Tehran, Iran, from August 2019 to February 2020. Microbial DNA extracted from fecal samples was evaluated by specific primer pairs using the real-time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. Findings The results of the demographic information of participants regarding the gender and the mean age as well as the Marsh classification showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The comparison of intestinal microbiota between the two study groups revealed that the rate of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was significantly lower in celiac patients compared to the control group. Conclusion The results of this study confirmed the dysbiosis in celiac patients compared to healthy subjects. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may contribute to the pathogenesis of the CD.