The field of using biology in cryptography is a new and very promising direction in cryptographic research. Although in its primitive stage, DNA cryptography is shown to be very effective. Currently, several DNA computing algorithms are proposed for quite some cryptography, cryptanalysis and steganography problems, and they are very powerful in these areas.In this paper, we introduce three methods of encoding inspired from the DNA (or RNA) structure and its relation to the amino acids in the standard genetic code table. The paper explains three techniques to convert data from binary form to DNA (or RNA) form then to amino acids' form and the reverse. We proved they are applicable and correctly reversible.The algorithms can serve in DNA computers and biological experiments by representing data in the form of amino acids. They also can be viewed as a simple algorithm to convert data from a form to another completely different form with the ability to convert it back to the initial form. Although they don't include the use of secret key but they can also be used as an auxiliary factor in data integrity and digital signature applications.
Understanding the role of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) in plant defense mechanisms is crucial for enhancing wheat resistance to leaf rust fungus infection. Here, we identified and verified 164 members of the CRK gene family using the Triticum aestivum reference version 2 collected from the international wheat genome sequencing consortium (IWGSC). The proteins exhibited characteristic features of CRKs, including the presence of signal peptides, cysteine-rich/stress antifungal/DUF26 domains, transmembrane domains, and Pkinase domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed extensive diversification within the wheat CRK gene family, indicating the development of distinct specific functional roles to wheat plants. When studying the expression of the CRK gene family in near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying Lr57- and Lr14a-resistant genes, Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of leaf rust fungus, triggered temporal gene expression dynamics. The upregulation of specific CRK genes in the resistant interaction indicated their potential role in enhancing wheat resistance to leaf rust, while contrasting gene expression patterns in the susceptible interaction highlighted potential susceptibility associated CRK genes. The study uncovered certain CRK genes that exhibited expression upregulation upon leaf rust infection and the Lr14a-resistant gene. The findings suggest that targeting CRKs may present a promising strategy for improving wheat resistance to rust diseases.
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