Background: Thyroid cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer of endocrine organs. From the past few decades, the prevalence of thyroid carcinoma is increasing generally and this has aroused the great public concern.Papillary thyroid carcinoma is primarily responsible for this high prevalence.The cases of other types of thyroid malignancies have remained stable over time. Aim: To analyze our institution-based trends in histopathological characteristics and incidence of thyroid carcinoma. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and duration: Pathology Department of Rai Medical College, Sargodha, from July 2017 to June 2022. Methodology: This study comprised of 56 cases of thyroid neoplasm diagnosed on biopsy. The main histologic types of thyroid carcinoma include papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic. Results: Of 374 thyroid lesions reviewed, 56 cases were malignant. Among these, PTC constituted about 43(76.78%) cases. There were 6(10.71%) cases of follicular ca followed by 5(8.92%) cases of medullary and 1(1.78%) case of anaplastic carcinoma. Practical implication: Unfortunately, the frequency of thyroid cancer in Pakistan is on the increaseandthe incidence of thyroid cancer in our country is difficult to measure due to the limitations of epidemiological statistics. Information regarding the geographic distribution of thyroid cancer is of great value for formulating epidemiologic hypothesis and for understanding the concepts of its risk factors. Such info is also valuable for making worldwide comparisons. Conclusion: Thyroid cancer was six times more frequent in females (female-to-male ratio 6:1). Most cases of PTC, follicular carcinoma and medullary carcinoma were in patients in the fourth decade of life then in third and fifth decade. However, anaplastic carcinoma was seen between 60 to 69 years of age. Keywords: Thyroid Neoplasms, Thyroid Cancer, Papillary, Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
Background: In Gynecology, most of the knowledge circles around the female reproductive tract and uterus has been a vital organ playing central role in female reproductive life cycle both in terms of menstrual and ostereous cycles. Uterus is subjected to both mechanical and hormonal stresses so uterine pathologies and diseases are the most common pathologies marked in female reproductive systems. These pathologies range from benign uterine pathology to malignancy in many cases. Most of the uterine and cervical pathologies are diagnosed after hysterectomy on histopathological examination only. Objective: The study was carried out to see histopathological patterns of uterine and cervical lesions in hysterectomy specimens. Study Design: Histopathology department of Women Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad from August 2021 to August 2022. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study done on hysterectomy samples findings in histopathological examination of uterine and cervical area on 80 specimens over a 1 year period. SPSS latest version was used for DATA. Results: 80 patients were included based on histopathological reports of the post hysterectomy specimens. Age of patients lies < 30 years to > 60 years. Majority of the cases were between 41-50 years and 51-60 years of the age while patients between 41-50 years age group were 50 %,adenomyosis (09%), atrophied uterus (5%), Hyperplasia (10%), leiomyoma with adenomyosis (18.5%), Leiomyoma (55%) and leimyosarcoma (2.5%),while cervical pathologies show cervicitis, (62%), cervical dysplasia (21%), cervicitis (papillary) in 07 %, and 10% cases were normal. Different uterine lesions based on the age of the patients show that Leiomyoma is maximally found in patients between 46-60 years and above 60 years of patients and only two cases were marked below 30 Years. Conclusion: The commonest benign lesion was leiomyoma in uterus followed by adenomyosis combined with leiomyoma, while in cervical canal commonest finding was cervicitis in Hysterectomy specimen. Keywords: Adenomyosis, Histopathology, Hysterectomy, Leiomyoma, Cervicitis.
Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the effectiveness of HbA1c as a predictor of dyslipidemia in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Department of Pathology; Women Medical & Dental College Abbottabad in collaboration with Jinnah International Hospital, Abbottabad; April 2022 – September 2022 Methods: After obtaining their agreement, a total of 110 people with Type-2 diabetes mellitus were included in the research. Statistics and background information were recorded. Fasting lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol/HDL), HbA1c, creatinine, and electrocardiogram were conducted as part of the comprehensive systemic examination to detect the presence of complications or co-morbidities. Mean, frequency, and correlation analyses are performed in SPSS 22.0. When doing a correlation analysis, the Pearson Chi-square test was typically utilized. Results: Twenty-two patients (20%) had an HbA1c below 7%, whereas eighty-eight patients (80%) had a HbA1c beyond 7%. Dyslipidemia was seen in 62 individuals (56.4%). Direct connections were found between HbA1c and BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while an inverse correlation was found between HbA1c and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). When comparing female and male patients, females were shown to have considerably greater TG levels. HbA1c levels were also significantly correlated with the presence of metabolic syndrome, particularly among women (P0.003). Conclusion: According to the findings of our research, HbA1c is not only useful as a biomarker of long-term glycaemic control, but it is also an excellent predictor of lipid profile. Keywords: Lipid Profile, Dyslipidemia, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, HbA1c
Background: Atopic dermatitis is a lesion of skin that affects the blood vessels originated from the vascular plexus. It is a pruritic inflammatory lesion with continuous relapses in between. It has an unknown etiology with no evidence of interaction between environmental and genetic factors. AD has many manifestations including; allergic skin reactions, rhinitis and asthma. This study will illustrate the morphological changes associated with the person suffering from erythematous skin in AD patients. Methods: It is a case control study which has included 40 participants aged between 20-65 years including 20 AD and 20 healthy patients. Study was conducted between the time period of Dec 2021 to Nov, 2022. Cases included all those patients who were diagnosed with AD from a period of at least 3 months whereas controls were taken by matching the age and race with the cases population. Specimens of skin were collected from all the patients and then observed under a photon microscope. Results: Results of the study states that the patients suffering from AD demonstrate thick, complex vessels of blood causing increased flow of blood within the erythematous as well as non-erythematous skin. It suggests that these morphological changes are not observed in all acute and subacute stages but only in chronic stages. In addition, bifurcation was absent in both the lesions either lichenification or erythematous. Practical implication: This study will help the clinicians to understand the morphological changes that occur in atopic dermatitis patients in order to differentiate them from the normal population. Further, it will help the community to differentiate themselves on the basis of the signs and symptoms associated with Atopic dermatitis patients. Conclusion: Study concluded that these results will be helpful in the development of clinical strategies for the treatment of eczema in AD patients. Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, lichenification, flexuous blood vessels, pruritus, eczema, vascular endothelial growth factor.
Background: Cervical cancer has an increased rate of morbidity and mortality among women most commonly in terms of cervical adenocarcinoma. Histopathology has been considered as the foundation for diagnosing the tissue changes associated with cervical cancer. However, there are controversies in identifying their prognostic value. Methods: It is a retrospective study in which 100 participants suffering from cervical adenocarcinoma and 200 participants of squamous cell carcinoma between the time period of 2017-2020 at the cancer center Pakistan were analyzed. The study was conducted between the time period of Dec, 2021 to Nov, 2022. All the patients were diagnosed histologically and were treated through radiotherapy or surgery. Demographic history along with area of registry, grade, size, stage and histology of tumor, diagnosis year, examination and involvement of lymph nodes, radiotherapy and type of surgery were assessed with the help of Akaike information criteria (AIC). Results: Total cancer records available for evaluation were 40,000 which were observed to be decreased from year after year from 2017-2020 but cases of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were observed to be increased with a rate of 100 patients per year. Their median age was recorded to be 52 years. Mortality associated with cause and without cause were dependent upon few variables including race, gender, diagnosis year, stage and grade of disease, ratio of nodes, size of tumor, radiotherapy and hysterectomy. Significance has been observed in the histological types (p = 0.003). Practical Implication: This study will be helpful for the oncologists, physicians and researchers in order to decide the best approach in terms of histopathology studies in the diagnosis of cervical cancer patients. It will help the community by carrying out a proper screening protocol for all the patients in order to prevent the patient from serious conditions. Conclusion: Study concluded that the chances of developing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are dependent upon the rate of poor survival. A large number of adenocarcinoma cases suggests that there is poor screening of the people reporting any signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is suggested to properly screen the women on a regular basis and specially those who report any of the symptoms associated with cervical cancer. Keywords: Cervical cancer, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, histopathology, histological types.
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