Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (1), [423][424][425][426]
IntroductionCervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide after breast cancer (Ferlay et al.). In Thailand, its incidence was 17.7/100,000 of Thai female population during (Khunhaprema et al., 2012. Cervical cancer incidences and deaths have decreased since the implementation of widespread cervical cancer screening with cervical cytology and/or human papilloma virus (HPV) (Saslow et al., 2012). The knowledge of HPV has been advanced. However, the cervical cytology is still the mainstay of cervical cancer screening. Colposcopy is the next investigation step for abnormal cervical screening patients after the followings; a) two consecutive unsatisfactory cytology results; b) most cases of positive HPV testing; c) repeated atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US) cytology; d) low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology; e) atypical squamous cell, cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) cytology; f) high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cytology; g) some types of glandular abnormality (Massad et al., 2013
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