An early examination of the impact of COVID-19 on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice in America, this review provides initial scholarship to rapidly evolving areas of research. Our appraisals of these topics are made after nearly 2 months of national COVID-19 mitigation measures, like social distancing and limited "non-essential" movement outside the home but also as states are gradually lifting stricter directives and reopening economic sectors. We consider the impact of these pandemic-related changes on twenty-first century youths, their behaviors, and their separate justice system. To forecast the immediate future, we draw from decades of research on juvenile delinquency and the justice system, as well as from reported patterns of reactions and responses to an unprecedented and ongoing situation. As postpandemic studies on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice proliferate, we urge careful consideration as to how they might influence societal and the system responses to youths' delinquency. Additional practical implications are discussed.

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Prior literature suggests that involvement in adolescent risk behaviors will have short-and longterm consequences that disrupt the orderly flow of later development, including impacts on patterns of partner relationships. In this study, we explore how adolescent involvement in delinquency, drug use, and sexual behavior at an early age affects the likelihood and timing of both marriage and cohabitation using a sample from the Rochester Youth Development Study. We also examine the direct effects of dropping out of high school, teenage parenthood, and financial stress during emerging adulthood as well as their potential role as mediators of the relationships between adolescent risk behaviors and partnering for both males and females. Overall, there is not very strong support for a direct relationship between adolescent delinquency, drug use, or early sexual behavior and patterns of partner formation. In contrast, the more proximal relationships, indicated by precocious transitions to adulthood and financial instability, are more consistently related to partner formation. These findings support models of cumulative disadvantage: early adolescent problem behaviors are weakly related to partner formation, but appear to set in motion cascading consequences that influence the transition to adulthood and, in turn, these more proximal variables are more consistently related to partner formation. Keywords HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptThe life course approach places substantial emphasis on transitions, or short-term changes in the life course. Transitions represent movement along age-graded patterns of development, or trajectories, such as family, school, work, and romantic relationships (Elder, 1994). Marriage and, in today's society, cohabitation, are important transitions in one's life course and often influence how successful a person will be in adulthood. Understanding the origins of these transitions, therefore, is an important task for life course studies.Trajectories do not exist in a vacuum, however. Movement along one trajectory is expected to influence movement along other trajectories. More specifically, involvement in adolescent risk behaviors which compromise adolescent development (Busseri, Willoughby, & Chalmers, 2007; Jessor, 1998) can be conceptualized as their own life course trajectories (Thornberry & Krohn, 2001). As such, we would expect early involvement in these risk behaviors including delinquency, drug use, and risky sexual behavior to influence transitions into other trajectories such as establishing a relationship with a significant other. However, relatively little theoretical and empirical attention is given to the impact of engagement in adolescent risk behavior on patterns of partner formation (King & South, 2011). The current study addresses this issue by focusing on how adolescent risk behavior impacts the likelihood of forming an intimate relationship with a significant other and whether that relationship is formalized t...

SUMMARYThe objectives of this survey are to provide an in-depth coverage of a few selected research papers that have made significant contributions to the development of Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and to provide readers insights into the key advantages and disadvantages of NFV and Software Defined Networks (SDN) when compared to traditional networks. The research papers covered are classified into four categories: NFV Infrastructure (NFVI), Network Functions (NFs), Management And Network Orchestration (MANO), and service chaining. The NFVI papers describe "framework" software that implement common functions, such as dynamic scaling and load balancing, required by NF developers. Papers on NFs are classified as offering solutions for software switches or middleboxes. MANO papers covered in this survey are primarily on resource allocation (virtual network embedding), which is an orchestrator function. Finally, service chaining papers that offer examples and extensions are reviewed. Our conclusions are that with the current level of investment in NFV from cloud and Internet service providers, the promised cost savings are likely to be realized, though many challenges remain.

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