An early examination of the impact of COVID-19 on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice in America, this review provides initial scholarship to rapidly evolving areas of research. Our appraisals of these topics are made after nearly 2 months of national COVID-19 mitigation measures, like social distancing and limited "non-essential" movement outside the home but also as states are gradually lifting stricter directives and reopening economic sectors. We consider the impact of these pandemic-related changes on twenty-first century youths, their behaviors, and their separate justice system. To forecast the immediate future, we draw from decades of research on juvenile delinquency and the justice system, as well as from reported patterns of reactions and responses to an unprecedented and ongoing situation. As postpandemic studies on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice proliferate, we urge careful consideration as to how they might influence societal and the system responses to youths' delinquency. Additional practical implications are discussed.
The relationship between secondary exposure to violence-defined as witnessing violence in the home, community, or school-and adolescent substance use is well-documented. Yet, multi-wave empirical studies examining this relationship are sparse. In addition, studies have only begun to examine whether this relationship varies by the situational components of the violent event. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), this study examines the contemporaneous, short-term, and long-term effects of secondary exposure to violence on substance use, and whether witnessing violence in which a weapon is present has a different impact on adolescent substance use than does witnessing violence without a weapon. Hierarchical logistic regression models on a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 1670 youth (51.5% female) residing in 79 neighborhoods indicated that: (1) the effects of secondary exposure to violence on alcohol and marijuana use were enduring, albeit attenuated, over time; (2) the effect of secondary exposure to violence on illicit drug use was suppressed in the short-term but significant in the long-term; (3) witnessing violence without a weapon was salient for alcohol and marijuana use at all time points; and (4) witnessing violence with a weapon impacted illicit drug use in the long-term. The results suggest that addressing the consequences of secondary exposure to violence requires prolonged intervention efforts and that the study of secondary exposure to violence requires a more nuanced approach that accounts for situational aspects of the violent event.
Objective: The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether dating violence is a risk factor for other forms of victimization, or if other forms of victimization, including polyvictimization, are a risk factor for dating violence. Method: This study used data from both waves of the Dating Violence Among Latino Adolescents study, which surveyed 574 Latino youth using the random-digit-dial methodology, and queried participants about past-year dating violence victimization, other forms of victimization, help-seeking behaviors associated with dating violence victimization, and cultural factors. Using logistic and negative binomial regression, we evaluated whether dating violence at Wave 1 predicted other forms of victimization at Wave 2 and whether Wave 1 victimization predicted Wave 2 dating violence victimization. Results: The results suggest that child maltreatment, conventional crime, and polyvictimization (measured at Wave 1) are predictive of dating violence victimization at Wave 2. In contrast, dating violence victimization at Wave 1 is not predictive of any of the other forms of victimization or polyvictimization at Wave 2. In addition, familism is also consistent in being predictive of decreased risk for victimization experiences across a number of victimization types. Conclusion: The results indicate that dating violence victimization does not function as a risk factor for other forms of victimization for Latino youth, but rather, other forms of victimization and polyvictimization are risk factors for dating violence victimization. This suggests that other forms of victimization may contribute to perceived vulnerability or protective mechanisms associated with dating violence.
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