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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world after lung cancer and breast cancer. It is also fourth most common cause of cancer death globally [1]. In males, CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, and in females, it is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer. In 2012, more than 9% of all new cases of cancer were attributed to CRC, accounting for roughly 1.4 million cases [2]. Of these cases, 746,000 were in males and 614,000 were in females [3]. OBJECTIVES:Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the provincial distribution of the incidence of CRC across Iran. METHODS:This epidemiologic study used data from the National Cancer Registry of Iran and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. The average annual age-standardized rate (ASR) for the incidence of CRC was calculated for each province. RESULTS:We found that adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified) was the most common histological subtype of CRC in males and females, accounting for 81.91 and 81.95% of CRC cases, respectively. Signet ring cell carcinoma was the least prevalent subtype of CRC in males and females and accounted for 1.5 and 0.94% of CRC cases, respectively. In patients aged 45 years or older, there was a steady upward trend in the incidence of CRC, and the highest ASR of CRC incidence among both males and females was in the age group of 80-84 years, with an ASR of 144.69 per 100,000 person-years for males and 119.18 per 100,000 person-years for females. The highest incidence rates of CRC in Iran were found in the central, northern, and western provinces. Provinces in the southeast of Iran had the lowest incidence rates of CRC. CONCLUSIONS:Wide geographical variation was found in the incidence of CRC across the 31 provinces of Iran. These variations must be considered for prevention and control programs for CRC, as well as for resource allocation purposes.

BackgroundThe link between age specific-rates of thyroid cancer (TC) and human development index (HDI) and also its components can be a new direction for planning by policy makers.ObjectivesThis study aimed at identifying the relationship between TC rates by gender, and HDI and its components in different regions of the world.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted; the data was obtained from the GLOBOCAN project in 2012. Inequality in TC estimates (age-specific incidence and mortality rates), according to the HDI and its components was calculated. Concentration index (CI) was used to estimate inequality and CI was decomposed to determine contribution of HDI and its components in inequality.ResultsThe inequality index (CI) was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.21 - 0.38) and -0.15 (95% CI: -0.23 - 0.06) for incidence and mortality of TC by HDI, respectively. The important contributors in inequality for incidence rates of TC were life expectancy at birth (0.30), mean years of schooling (0.26), and expected years of schooling (0.18). The important contributors in inequality of mortality rates were mean years of schooling (0.19), expected years of schooling (0.17), and urbanization (0.17).ConclusionsAccording to the findings of this study, global inequalities exist in the TC incidence and mortality rates; incidence rates of TC are more concentrated in countries with high HDI, yet inequality index showed that deaths occurred more in disadvantaged countries.

BACKGROUND The desire for aesthetic surgery in Iran has increased. The relationship between spirituality and body image has not been studied simultaneously with the desire for aesthetic surgery. The present study aimed to examine this relationship among students

This study aimed to identify the role of HDI in the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer (LC) worldwide. Data about the incidence and mortality rate of LC for the year 2012 was obtained from the global cancer project for 172 countries. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained for 169 countries from the United Nations development programme database. In 2012, LC was estimated to have affected a total of 1,824,701 individuals (crude rate: 25.9 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 1,589,925 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 22.5 per 100,000 individuals). LC accounts for 13% of total cancers incidence. There was a positive correlation between the HDI and LC incidence (R = 0.79, P < 0.05), and also with LC mortality rate (R = 0.77, P < 0.05) in the world in 2012. Linear regression model showed that increasing of HDI, mean of life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, GNI per capita, percent of urbanization, and age standardized obesity had a positive effect on increase in both incidence and mortality rates of LC. Our study showed that the burden of LC is enormous in high and very high HDI regions. Such actions include primary prevention strategies to effective control of the lifestyle behaviours prevalence including tobacco avoidance and cessation of smoking, a reduction in alcohol consumption and obesity, and the promotion of increased levels of physical activity, as well as the implementation of early detection programs. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with LC.