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Background:Sexual behavior is a complex activity affecting all aspects of human’s life. Risky sexual behaviors impose negative outcomes on family, relationships and health. Unsafe sex is the second most leading cause of disability adjusted life years worldwide. Valid and reliable tools for assessment of risky sexual behaviors are necessary for implementing preventive measures.Methods:we searched Medline and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, with the keywords of “risky sexual behavior assessment”, “sexual risk assessment”, “high risk sexual behavior”, “sexual risk taking”. By reviewing references of the articles, some complementary studies were added.Results:Assessment can be performed by questionnaire or non-questionnaire instruments. Questionnaires vary depending on their target population, evaluation of risky sexual behavior as a whole or focusing on an associated risk factor. In order to avoid usual biases in self reports, objective biomarker assessment of unprotected sex are employed. These markers include prostate specific antigen, chromosome Y DNA and Seminogelin.Conclusion:Risky sexual behavior can be assessed by various subjective and objective methods. While self-reports are more feasible, objective methods offer a higher degree of reliability. Further studies for finding more feasible methods of using biomarkers are recommended.

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A variety of diacetylenes were prepared in a microwave irradiation promoted reaction on alumina in the presence of catalytic amounts of a copper catalyst with up to 90% yields, in short times and under solvent-free conditions.

A novel heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by supporting the ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Omim]­[HSO4]) in the silica-gel matrix using a sol–gel method and employed in oxidative desulfurization of a model oil containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) and real diesel fuel. The properties of the supported ionic liquid (SIL) were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, BET-BJH, SEM-EDS, and PSA. The results showed that the ionic liquid was successfully incorporated in the silica-gel matrix, and a catalyst having high surface area was prepared. The effects of H2O2/DBT molar ratio (O/S), temperature, SIL/oil mass ratio, initial S content, and sulfur species on the sulfur removal of the model oil were studied. The highest DBT removal efficiency of 99.1% was obtained with the prepared catalyst having 17 wt % supported IL loading in the conditions of SIL/oil (w/w) of 1:3 and O/S molar ratio of 5 in 50 min at 50 °C. The prepared catalyst can be efficiently applied in oxidative desulfurization with consumption of much lower IL compared to that in a desulfurization system using bulk IL. The order of oxidative removal efficiencies of different sulfur species is as follows: DBT > BT > TS > 4,6-DMDBT. The SIL can be separated by a simple filtration from the reaction system and reused four times without any significant decrease in its performance. A high sulfur removal of 75.7% was also obtained by applying the prepared catalyst in desulfurization of the hydrotreated real diesel fuel.