In this study, a formulation has been proposed to calculate the pressure on wall and determine the angle of failure wedge based on limit equilibrium method. The mentioned formulation is capable of calculating active pressure coefficient, culmination of forces in failure surface, and pressure distribution on wall with the effect of line surcharge. In addition, based on the proposed method, a simple formula has been proposed to calculate the angle of failure wedge by the effect of surcharge. Moreover, the proposed approach has the advantage of taking into account the effect of surcharge on elastoplastic environment by considering the parameters of soil and determining the extent to which the surcharge is effective in pressure distribution on the wall. However, in most previous methods and specifications, resultant lateral pressure from surcharge in elastic environment had been considered. Finally, based on the obtained results, the design diagrams for different soils and different surcharges have been proposed. According to these diagrams, pressure on wall, pressure distribution on wall, and angle of failure wedge will easily be achieved. Also, a computer program has been written in MATLAB software environment. Using the results of these codes, the pressure on wall with the effect of surcharge, the angle of failure wedge, and pressure distribution on wall will be determined.
Horizontal slices method is a simple and efficient tool for analysis of retaining walls. In this paper, using some of the principles of equilibrium and horizontal slices method, an analytical approach is presented to determine the displacement of concrete walls in the reinforced and unreinforced soils. The formulation of the so-called method is able to calculate wall displacement and critical wedge angle displacement for frictional cohesive soils and draw the distribution of displacement in the wall height. Based on the proposed method, a simple equation is presented to calculate the wedge angle of rupture in the frictional cohesive soils in seismic condition. Comparison of the results with previous methods and numerical methods shows that horizontal slices are able to analyze the concrete wall displacement, while the proposed method has the advantage of analyzing walls via considering soil parameters such as adhesion, seismic coefficients, and the number of reinforcements. In contrast with previous methods that ignored the cohesion concrete wall characteristics, the offered method considers all wall and soil parameters. In addition, design charts are presented for different soils and walls. Considering wall displacement, maximum displacement of wall, displacement of wall apex, and maximum place of wall displacement are obtained, revealing that critical wedge angle displacement is different from rupture wedge angle of pressure imposed on wall.
In this article, the effect of soil and wall interaction was investigated by finite element method. Eleven different models, with different foundations were studied. These studies can estimate displacement at any height of the wall for frictional-sticky soils. The main purpose of the present study was to determine the best conditions for the anchor and foundation of the wall to reduce wall displacement. Comparing the results of different models show that the overall increase in the depth and length of the foundation can reduce wall displacement. Greater effect in the reduction of wall displacement can be observed when the foundation is on the front of the wall compared to the condition when the embankment is behind the wall. Based on the results, two types of displacement are observed: Overturning and Bulging. The results show that clamping the wall base and disregarding the impact of the wall foundation produce unrealistic results. The advantage of this study is in considering all parameters of the soil and wall.
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