Inspired mainly by Jeffery Alexander's concept of cultural trauma and Irving Goffman's analysis of stigma, this article examines the impact of the Iranian Revolution and the ensuing hostage crisis in 1979 on the formation of ethnic identity among Iranian immigrants in the United States. These events resulted in the loss of cultural and ethnic pride, the rise of anti-Islamic religious sentiments, and the concealment of religious, national, and ethnic identity among Iranian immigrants in America. The article argues that the continuation of negative images of Iran and the equation of Islam with fundamentalism, extremism, and terrorism by American mainstream media had a central role in the construction of new ethnic identities among Iranians in exile.
illustrating once again her closer affinity to Derrida and Foucault than to Habermas in the postmodernism debates.Ultimately, Landry wants to argue that a limited, pragmatic transcendence can be sustained by deconstructing textual play, that a marriage of critical theory and postmodernism can be made. She opens the door wide for a consideration of this as a possibility, but does not firmly make the case that it can be accomplished. For a book that perhaps could have been alternately titled "Kant, Critical Theory, and Poststructuralism," Landry does a fine job in establishing the conditions for the possibility of a rapprochement between critical theory and certain forms of postmodernism. Rather than using Marx to reinterpret the postmodernism debates, as the actual title might imply, Landry has shown how postmodernist concerns over difference, the Other, and the uses of language can possibly rehabilitate Marx, and through him, critical theory.
Islam is the second‐largest religion in the world and Muslims are the second‐largest religious group in much of Europe and North America. Their precise number in the United States is unknown. Estimates range between three and eleven million. The bulk of Muslim population in the United States consists of Sunni indigenous African Americans and immigrants from Asia and the Middle East/North Africa. The 1965 immigration reform, the abolishment of the national origin quota system, and a series of political conflicts and civil wars in the Middle East and North Africa had a significant impact on the immigration of Muslims to the United States in the last four decades. The 9/11 attacks fundamentally changed the course of life for Muslims and Arabs in the United States. Despite the backlash after the 9/11 attacks, Muslim and Middle Eastern American leaders demanded civil rights and moved forward with political integration.
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