Introduction and objective. Toxocariasis, predominantly caused by Toxocara canis, is a common zoonotic parasitosis worldwide. Toxocara infection is a cause of vision impairment and blindness. The presented study investigates the frequency of antibodies against Toxocara among uveitis patients and the epidemiological factors associated with disease. Materials and method. Fifty-four patients with uveitis and 59 healthy subjects were studied. Anti-Toxocara antibodies status was determined in all serum samples using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and seropositive samples analyzed by Western blot (WB) technique. Results. The frequency of Toxocara canis infection was found to be significantly higher in uveitis patients, compared to healthy controls by the use of ELISA test, being 14.8% and 1.7%, respectively. From 8 seropositive samples, 5 (62.5%) patients exhibited Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in response to Western blot, whereas in the control group, none were detected positive by Western blot. No significant difference was found between pet owners, nor between different places of residence. The seroprevalence to Toxocara among uveitis patients was significantly related to gender, age and medical diagnosis. The highest prevalence was found in patients with posterior uveitis (27.8%). Conclusion. Anti-Toxocara antibody titers are associated with the risk of vision impairment-uveitis. The risk factor associated with Toxocara exposure identified in this study warrants further investigation.

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: The Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a common disorder that imposes a psychological and economic burden and reduces the quality of life. Oral medications have some problems in the frontline of treatment. Transcutaneous posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (TTNS) is available with minimum invasion and at a lower cost. Urodynamic tests are invasive and will be more difficult for children to perform than adults. The present study used the Persian version of the overactive bladder symptoms scale (OABSS) and 24hours Voiding Diary questionnaire to assess the symptoms following the treatment. A 7-year-old girl with complaints about OAB was treated with TTNS treatment for 12 sessions in alternate days. The patch electrodes were applied instead of needle and plate electrodes. The results showed that the case improved immediately after treatment from severe stage to average stage according to OABSS. One month following the end of treatment, the results showed improving scores to the mild stage. The TTNS method was a good, safe, non-invasive, and long-term treatment for this child based on 12 sessions using patch electrodes.

Infertility is one of the most important crises in the lifestyle, leading to many problems, for couples. Infertility may be associated with many factors. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of semen parameters on the outcome of Induced in-Vitro Fertilization in infertile women. This study was performed as a retrospective cohort study using infertile couple's data that was provided by IVF in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Endometrial and Endometriosis Research Center in 2016. Couples who had a normal semen parameter were compared with couples who had an abnormal semen parameter in terms of the outcome of the intervention, which included the positive increase of the β-HCG titer in two time measurements.The total number of subjects studied was 289, with mean age 30.49 years. The percentage of positive β-HCG (31.21%), incidence of fertilization (30.54%) and pregnancy (29.86%). The frequency of abnormal semen parameters based on WHO criteria in term of mobility was 53.98%, sperm number 32.22%, volume 4.45% agglutination 4.53% and leukocytospermia 12% respectively. There were a significant relationship between morphology>20% (p=0.022) and normal sperm adhesion (p=0.041) with pregnancy incidence. The viscosity and morphology of sperm, are two semen parameters that effects on the success rate of fertility Induced in-Vitro Fertilization method.

Background The common regression models included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the continuous and categorical form for predicting the mortality in COVID-19 inpatients. However, the relationship may be non-linear, and categorizing implies a loss of information. This study aimed to assess the effect of eGFR on admission on death within 30 days among COVID-19 inpatients using flexible and smooth transformations of eGFR and compare the results against the common models. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on hospitalized COVID-19 patients between April 2019 and July 2019 in Hamadan, Western Iran. The effect of eGFR on the death within 30 days was evaluated using different modeling: categorization, linear, unrestricted cubic spline (USC) with 4 knots, and fractional polynomial (FP). The results adjusted for older age and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Discrimination power and model performance of the best-fitting model was evaluated using the area under the ROC (AUROC) and Brier score. Results In total, 2945 patients (median age 61 years; interquartile range 48–73 years) were included, of whom the mortality rate was 9.23%. The relationship between the eGFR and death within 30 days is non-linear, so the degree-2 FP with powers (− 2, − 1) is the best-fitting model. Using the FP model, the risk increased exponentially in eGFR < 45 and then increased linearly and slowly. The AUROC of the FP model involving eGFR, older age, and ICU admission was 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.93) with a Brier score of 0.09. Conclusion There is a non-linear and asymmetric relationship between eGFR and death within 30 days among COVID-19 inpatients. Kidney function can be measured in COCID-19 patients on admission to know better understanding about prognosis of the patients.

PSA is the most routine marker to detect prostate cancer, but due to its low specificity that can lead to a number of unnecessary biopsies, there is great need for an alternate method. Can PCA3 be one of these methods? PCA3 is overexpressed in prostate cancer, not in benign conditions such as prostatitis (unlike PSA). Because of its efficacy (being more sensitive and specific in comparison with PSA), this biomarker could be a very useful and promising method for the early detection of prostate cancer, especially in combination with other tests such as TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion.

Background: Considering the importance of empirical antibiotic treatment before obtaining urine culture results, it is necessary to know the pattern of microbial sensitivity to antibiotics to proper manage urinary tract infection (UTI).The present research aimed at determining type of pathogens causing UTI and the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in urine cultures of hospitalized patients in Hamadan, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 individuals (including 60 cases as the hospital-acquired infection and 60 cases as the community-acquired infection group). Clinical and demographic data were obtained from all the examined samples, and the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in the selected cases was investigated.Results: According to the results, most of the isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of UTIs. A signi cant increase was observed in drug resistance to cipro oxacin, levo oxacin, cotrimoxazole, and ceftriaxone, especially in community-acquired cases. In community-acquired UTIs from the gram-negative pathogen, E.coli showed the highest drug sensitivity to imipenem (100%) and Fosfomycin (95%) and the highest drug resistances were observed for cipro oxacin (62.5%) and levo oxacin (60%). In the cases of E.coli acquired from the hospital, resistance to uoroquinolones, ceftriaxone and cefepime increased, while the sensitivity to meropenem, imipenem, and piperacillintazobactam was 80.6%, 87.1% and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: It is necessary to determine the frequency and regional antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacteria causing UTIs to provide an effective and proper protocol for the management and treatment of serious and critical patients with UTIs.

Established in 2011, the Online School of Civic Education (the Online School) is intended to give Iranian teachers and educators the opportunity to reflect, experiment, and create classroom experiences aimed at teaching their students how to think, rather than what to think. The Online School was developed to provide teachers and educators inside Iran with an alternative to existing topdown, ideological, and teacher-centered civic education in Iran. The Online School's approach is to encourage teachers and, by extension, their students to think independently and analytically about their surroundings through activities and reflection. We argue that it is possible to provide teachers with experiential training in democratic civic education despite and within the context of the existing civic education paradigm in Iran, which defines citizenship in terms of devotion to religious ideology. We argue that, through this model, not only can teachers gain meaningful insight into the practice of democratic citizenship, but they also can enact changes in their classroom behavior and lessons that pass such understandings on to their students.