Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy is a robust woody climbing shrub of the genus Rivea which is widely distributed in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. R. hypocrateriformis is a promising medicinal herb with a wide range of beneficial and health-promoting properties. Since the ancient times, it has been used as a traditional medicine to treat rheumatic pain, fever, urogenital problems, snake bites, cough, piles, malaria, and skin diseases. Aside from these traditional uses, its leaves and young shoots are also cooked and eaten as a vegetable and used for the preparation of bread with millet flour. This study extensively analyzes the available information on R. hypocrateriformis botanical characterization, distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicological properties. Phytochemical investigations of the plant has revealed the presence of highly valuable secondary metabolites including alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, xanthones, stilbenes, and other organic compounds. Its crude extracts and isolated compounds have revealed anovulatory, antifertility, antiarthritic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant hepatoprotective, antilithiatic, and antimitotic potentials. This review of literature clearly identifies R. hypocrateriformis as a potent medicinal plant with remarkable healing and health-promoting properties. Further research directions into the bioactive extracts, clinical, and toxicological evaluations to assess the beneficial health-promoting properties of this promising herb are also discussed.
At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus first originated in the city of Wuhan in China, causing symptoms such as pneumonic plague, which began in the Wuhan and then spread throughout the world with high transmission efficiency. Special precautions and care are needed such as leaving the public area, covering your mouth with a mask, not shaking hands, washing hands, and sanitation from time to time. Infection due to SARS-CoV-2 shows several symptoms, one of which is very often the patient shows difficulty breathing. Currently, COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic and has almost attacked all countries in the world, including in India which has one of the largest human populations in the entire world. One of the challenges in handling COVID-19 is the unavailability of drugs or special vaccines to treat the disease, so clinical practitioners and academics are currently testing various drugs to see how they affect the COVID-19 patients. Some of the drugs tested provide effective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and vaccines under development. These drugs are still being tested and are now at the forefront to combat the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article will discuss all kinds of ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including the transmission method, how to prevent it, as well as various drugs and vaccines currently used in handling COVID-19.
Terbinafine hydrochloride is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The oral use of terbinafine hydrochloride is not recommended as it has many potential side effects and undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism. Topical route of application has a great potential as an effective and safe way to administer drug for its antifungal in effect. The concentration of surfactant and permeation enhancer significantly affects the critical parameters of cream formulation like flux, cumulative amount released at 12 hours and enhancement ratio. In vitro permeation study across rat epidermal membrane showed that menthol enhanced the transdermal absorption of drug from cream formulation. The topical cream formulation developed in this study holds the promise for the further in vivo studies. The aim of the present work under investigation is to check the effects of emulsifying agents (Cremophor RH40, Tween 60) and permeation enhancers (l-Menthol) on cream. Developing a formulation that is safe and can deliver the drug locally in an effective concentration for its effect. The development of topical antifungal drug delivery systems designed to have localized effects appears to be very advisable and beneficial over conventional routes of provides the drug administration. However, due to the relative impermeability of the stratum corneum, which principal resistance to percutaneous absorption, extensive studies are generally necessary in order to optimize both the release of the drug from the topical vehicle and skin permeation further, A topical formulation must be both physically and chemically stable, this require numerous excipients. Aesthetically pleasing, in addition to being properties, hence they play emulsifying agents and permeation enhancers have major influence on these important role. Keywords: Emulsifying agents, Permeation enhancers, Stratum corneum, Antifungal, Topical cream
Malaria is a major threat to the public health and economic development of many nations. While P. falciparum causes most malaria-induced mortality worldwide, P. vivax is the major cause of malaria morbidity. In this study we have compared two different brands of Arteether (EMAL and MATCH) for treating P. vivax initially. Arteether™ is a useful drug against chloroquine-resistant P. vivax malaria, without an increased incidence of toxicity. It has a longer half-life and has more lipophilic properties than artemether™, which aids its accumulation in brain tissues for the treatment of cerebral malaria. The study revealed that there was a significant difference in the effectiveness of these two formulations even though they were labeled to have similar indications. These indicate the need for prior examination of these kinds of products for their intended activity. The results of this study have provided evidence to support the better effectiveness of EMAL- brand over MATCH- brand. As EMAL has less viscosity, very good redispersibility, larger zone of inhibition. By observing all of these properties we can conclude that EMAL is a better formulation than MATCH, and can show better antimalarial property in patient suffering from Plasmodium malaria. Keywords: Antimalarial, Plasmodium species, Zone of inhibition, Indications, Mortality, Half-life
Introduction: The lingual appliance is genuinely an aesthetic device since it is positioned on the lingual surface of the tooth and thus is referred as ‘The invisible brace’. In comparison to labial appliances, lingual appliances have encountered challenges with sophisticated laboratory procedures, uneven lingual tooth morphology, high cost, and bonding trouble over time. The aim of this study was to develop a pre adjusted lingual bracket system that will be as efficient as labial orthodontics and can remove laboratory dependency. To accomplish it two parameters namely labiolingual angulation and labiolingual width were studied with the help of cast analysis. Material & Methods: Sample consists of 100 Dental Cast (Maxillary & Mandible) of patients aged 16-20 years which were selected on the basis of Angle’s Class I molar relationship without any crowding, rotation, attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction & anomaly on any tooth. Dental models / Impression were made at Santosh Dental College, Ghaziabad and were immediately poured by Orthokal at normal room temperature. Two important parameters were studied to develop the concept of New Pre Adjusted Lingual Bracket.
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