Progressive research has been recently made in dissecting the molecular biology of Betanodavirus life cycle, the causative pathogen of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in economic important marine fish species. Establishment of betanodavirus infectious clone allows the manipulation of virus genome for functional genomic study, which elucidates the biological event of the viral life cycle at molecular level. The betanodavirus strategizes its replication by expressing anti-apoptosis/antinecrotic proteins to maintain the cell viability during early infection. Subsequently utilizes and controls the biological machinery of the infected cells for viral genome replication. Towards the late phase of infection, mass production of capsid protein for virion assembly induces the activation of host apoptosis pathway. It eventually leads to the cell lysis and death, which the lysis of cell contributes to the accomplishment of viral shedding that completes a viral life cycle. The recent efforts to dissect the entire betanodavirus life cycle are currently reviewed.

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The approaches of transcriptomic and proteomic have been widely used to study host-pathogen interactions in fish diseases, and this is comparable to the recently emerging application of metabolomic in elucidating disease-resistant mechanisms in fish that gives new insight into potential therapeutic strategies to improve fish health. Metabolomic is defined as the large-scale study of all metabolites within an organism and represents the frontline in the 'omics' approaches, providing direct information on the metabolic responses and perturbations in metabolic pathways. In this review, the current research in infectious fish diseases using metabolomic approach will be summarized. The metabolomic approach in economically important fish infected with viruses, bacteria and nematodes will also be discussed. The potential of the metabolomic approach for management of these infectious diseases as well as the challenges and the limitations of metabolomic in fish disease studies will be explored. Current review highlights the impacts of metabolomic studies in infectious fish diseases, which proposed the potential of new therapeutic strategies to enhance disease resistance in fish.

The solubility and the enthalpy of dicarboxylic acids have been determined in water at intervals between 278.5 and 543.5 K. At 298.15 K, the values derived were: Δ sol H m (m=1.33 mol kg −1 )=29.80 kJ mol −1 for oxalic acid; Δ sol H m (m=16.03 mol kg −1 )= 12.82 kJ mol −1 for malonic acid; Δ sol H m (m=0.75 mol kg −1 )=28.20 kJ mol −1 for succinic acid; Δ sol H m (m=8.77 mol kg −1 )=48.01 kJ mol −1 and Δ sol H m (m= 0.17 mol kg −1 )=40.30 kJ mol −1 for glutaric and adipic acid respectively. The solubility value exhibits a prominent odd-even effect with respect to terms with even number of carbon atoms with the odd carbon numbers showing much higher solubility. Observations made in the atmospheres suggest that this odd-even effect may have implications for the relative abundance of these acids in aerosols.