The leadership style is a critical determinant of success in any field of endeavour. The leadership style and athletes' satisfaction are considered as one of the significant factors in the sport fields. The purpose on these studies is the leadership style among coaches and the relationship between football player in Iraqi Public Universities. These researches are using the cross-sectional survey as research design. This study comprised a total of 194 male soccer players from all eleven public Iraqi's universities football teams. The instrument of this research are the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML), a model to identify the relationship between five leadership styles (Training & Instruction, Autocratic Style, Democratic Style, Social Support, and Positive Feedback) and athletes' satisfaction which including two instruments namely Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS), to determine leadership style, and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), to examine athletes' satisfaction. The descriptive statistics results show that the most popular Iraqi coaches leadership style among the five basic leadership styles was training and instruction (M = 3.487). The results of satisfaction athlete's subscale show that the most popular is personal treatment (M = 5.946). There are the relationship between leadership style and athletes' satisfaction where's the team performance has a high relationship between leadership style (r = .563, p < .05). The personal treatment has a high relationship between democratic style (r = .482, p < .05), the training and instruction has a high relationship between leadership style (r = .655, p < .05), and the individual performance has a high relationship between social support (r = .595, p < .05). In the nutshell, the athletes' satisfaction has a high relationship between leadership style (r = .781, p < .05). The findings of this research emphasize the importance of the relationship between the coach leadership styles and the satisfaction of the athletes. A proper leadership style of a coach has a significant positive effect on athletes' satisfaction. In the other words, when the coach has a negative leadership style, it decreases the athletes' satisfaction and the team performance in general.

The purpose of this study is to examine teachers' perceptions towards the leadership of the headmaster in LINUS management in primary school. The population consisted of primary school teachers included in "Zon Debak". The design of the study is qualitatively using survey methodology. The primary aim is to examine teachers' perceptions of headmaster leadership in LINUS management based on demographic characteristics such as gender, race, service duration, and school location. The respondents of this study are teachers working in primary school within "Zon Debak" where data are gathered using online questionnaires to identify teachers' perceptions of headmaster leadership in the management of LINUS. The 23rd version of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software is used to analyze all the data collected. This study analyzed the data descriptively, using percent and mean in the procedure of data analysis. The findings showed that there was no significant difference among teachers' perceptions of headmaster leadership in LINUS management based on demographic factors. Therefore, the collaboration among the Ministry of Education Malaysia, the State Education Department, the District Education Department, the teachers and the researchers are most welcomed in order to straighten the management and administration of the school.

The aim of this study is to investigate the nature and magnitude of the relationship between self-reported physical activity and fitness and the extent to which the association varies with Muslim and Non-Muslim group. Fitness was assessed by use of sub-maximal bicycle ergometer test to predict maximal aerobic capacity, an assessment of body composition and the measurement of upper and lower body strength. Activity pattern and health status will be assessed by questionnaire. A total of 112 subjects focused on male of the staff, postgraduate, and undergraduate student of Birmingham University undergone fitness testing by bicycle ergometer, body composition and self-reported health questionnaire. The interrelation of the physical characteristics, self-reported exercise behavior, fitness measures, health risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption is discussed. Age has the strongest association with fitness measures. Involvement in strenuous exercise as well as exhausting exercise appears to be related to fitness. Percentage body fat is also associated, inversely, with fitness. The difference between the younger and older participants in % body fat undoubtedly reflects the much greater time spent in vigorous exercise by the Muslim and Non-Muslim participants. However, the differences in BMI between the Muslim and Non-Muslim, for the Muslim and Non-Muslim cohorts respectively, reflect additional mechanisms, as they are largely driven by differences in height rather than mass. These data emphasize the importance of not relying solely on BMI as a measure of size.

Aktiviti fizikal dan kecergasan merupakan perkara yang perlu diambil berat dalam kehidupan seharian bagi menjamin kesihatan tubuh badan serta mendapat Indeks Jisim Badan (BMI) yang ideal. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan antara aktiviti fizikal dan indeks jisim badan (BMI) murid lelaki sekolah menengah di luar bandar. Populasi kajian terdiri daripada (390) pelajar lelaki tingkatan 5 di daerah Tampin. Kajian berbentuk tinjauan ini menggunakan borang soal selidik yang diubahsuai daripada Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Kajian ini mendapati bahawa murid-murid lelaki di daerah Tampin adalah tidak aktif dalam aktiviti fizikal walaupun memiliki bacaan BMI normal. Kesannya, mereka cenderung untuk memiliki risiko kesihatan yang rendah.

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan antara tahap penglibatan aktiviti fizikal dengan tahap BMI murid perempuan sekolah luar bandar di daerah Rembau, Negeri Sembilan semasa wabak pandemik COVID-19. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah soal selidik Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) oleh (WHO, 2002) yang telah diubahsuai mengikut kesesuaian kajian. Populasi kajian adalah dalam kalangan murid yang berusia 16 hingga 17 tahun dan jumlah sampel kajian seramai 312 orang murid. Dapatan kajian mendapati tahap penglibatan aktiviti fizikal murid perempuan adalah diklasifikasikan sebagai aktif. Tahap BMI pula menunjukkan bahawa murid berada dalam kategori berat badan normal iaitu 69.2% dengan min = 21.56kgm-2. Hasil ujian korelasi pearson pula mendapati bahawa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tahap penglibatan aktiviti fizikal dengan tahap BMI dalam kalangan murid iaitu r = 0.019; p > 0.05 = 0.732. Keseluruhannya, penglibatan aktiviti fizikal murid perempuan sekolah menengah luar bandar di daerah Rembau tidak memberikan kesan terhadap tahap BMI semasa pandemik COVID-19. Penglibatan awal murid dalam aktiviti fizikal adalah salah satu komponen yang penting dalam memperoleh kesihatan yang baik dan mengelakkan diri daripada mendapat risiko penyakit tidak berjangkit. Pihak sekolah dan guru Pendidikan Jasmani dan Pendidikan Kesihatan perlu merangka program yang boleh menarik minat murid dalam melibatkan diri lebih aktif dalam aktiviti fizikal semasa pandemik COVID-19 ini.