The biggest challenge facing free space optical deployment is optical signal propagation in different atmospheric conditions such as fog, low clouds, rain, snow, dust, haze and various combinations of each. A transmission and detection technique for free space optical communications is proposed where it employs two beams, one modulated with the data, the other with the inverted version of the same data. A differential detection technique is used at the receiver whereby the inverted data are used as the reference to perform the decision making, as opposed to the fixed threshold used in the conventional technique. The probability of error under threshold instability in the proposed differential technique and Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) technique are compared. A simulation under heavy rainfall condition of 8.33 × 10 −4 cm/sec at bit rate of 155 Mbps to 10 Gbps with 0 dBm of launch power and 1.5 km distance shows that this technique achieves an improvement compared to the conventional IM/DD. The differential detection can support a higher bit rate (up to 9 Gbps) because of its noise reduction capabilities due to higher threshold level implemented in the receiver. The IM/DD in contrast, can support bit rates of only 2.5 Gbps. This analysis focuses on weather conditions in Malaysia.
The ability to develop a new successful product is the main concern of many product developers. Understanding the user requirements and preferences are challenging for a product designer. This paper aims to investigate the user specifications for successful a new product. A case study is conducted to identify the user specification that influenced the success of car design. Both the experience designers and end-users were found to agree on the expectation. The result is used to establish the new product characteristics and assistance the product designer in the product development and increase the probability of product success. Keywords: New product development, user specification, product success and car design. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI1.2311
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