The development of a continuous hydrographic datum along the coastal region for a precise datum determination for any hydrographic survey works is very important. The development started in 2005 by France that developed the first phase of Bathymetry with reference to the Ellipsoid (BATHYELLI) and its second phase in 2011. Then in 2009, the United Kingdom with collaboration with Ireland developed the Vertical Offshore Reference Frame (VORF), followed by the Continuous Chart Datum for Canadian Water (CCDCW) in 2010 by the Canadian Hydrographic Services (CHS) and Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS). Then in 2018, Netherlands and Belgium collaborate to develop Vertical Reference Frame for the Netherlands (NEVREF) that consist of two elements which are Netherlands Quasi-Geoid 2018 (NLGEO2018) model and also Netherlands Lowest Astronomical Tide 2018 (NLLAT2018) model. Finally, the latest development of continuous hydrographic datum was conducted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 2019, a system known as Saudi Continuous Chart Datum (SCCD). Therefore, this paper provides a review of the approaches in creating a continuous hydrographic datum which encompasses the usage of tide gauge station, satellite altimetry, and interpolation algorithm, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Geoid Model and Hydrodynamic Ocean Tide Models. The findings show that the integration of tidal station, satellite altimetry, GNSS levelling and geoid model is the most appropriate solution for a continuous and accurate hydrographic datum along the coastal line. Finally, the future research direction is also discussed in this review paper.
As the need for elevation data grows, it is more vital than ever for users to match the data degree of dependability, precision, and spatial resolution to their specific uses to produce a useful and cost-effective product. This article will describe several sources of elevation data, ranging from space-based to aerial-based techniques, and classify the data according to its respective quality and accuracy. The elevation data sources can be classified into two namely localised or can also be referred to as regional, and global coverage. Among the example of localised sources of elevation data are Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The global sources of elevation data are Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOSW3D), Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010), TerraSAR-X add on for daily Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-X), The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), Radar Satellite (RADARSAT) Constellation Mission (RCM) and Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB). The characteristics of each elevation data source were discussed in terms of its launch date, period of observation, spatial resolution, horizontal and vertical datum, and coverage. Its reliability was described in detail for future topographic applications.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER ), Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010), Advanced Land Observing Satellite World-3D (ALOSW3D), and TerraSAR-X Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-X) are open-source Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets for environmental modelling and studies. The spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of DEM data sources play a significant role, particularly in dealing with land inundation, periodic flooding, and coastal erosion. In this study, the comparison between orthometric height, H from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation, and DEM is performed to evaluate the accuracy of each DEM in terms of their Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient, R2 for monitoring the coastline. The result has indicated that TanDEM-X shows the smallest RMSE of 2.574 m compared to SRTM30, SRTM90, ASTER, GMTED10, and ALOSW3D with RMSE of 2.968 m, 3.006 m, 3.217 m, 2.975 m, and 2.876 m respectively. Furthermore, TanDEM-X illustrates the largest correlation coefficients, R2 of 0.959 m, compared to SRTM30, SRTM90, ASTER, GMTED10, and ALOSW3D at 0.891 m, 0.899 m, 0.590 m, 0.888 m 0.913 m respectively. Hence, the result has indicated that TanDEM-X is the best option among all DEMs for any topographic applications.
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