The objective of the study is to assess the average number of drugs per prescription, formulations being prescribed, various categories of drugs being prescribed and the category most often used in ophthalmology. This is a retrospective hospital based study carried out in the department of ophthalmology at A.J institute of medical sciences, Mangalore, India. The study period was from July 2012 to July 2013. Total number of prescriptions analyzed were 3543, in which total of 15,324 drugs were prescribed. Analysis of the prescriptions showed that average number of drugs per prescription was 4.325. The maximum number of drugs prescribed were in the form of eye drops (67.65 %), followed by ointments (11.66 %), tablet (7.8 %), capsules (7.23 %), syrup (3.54 %) and injection (2.12 %). The dosage form was indicated for 91 %, frequency of drug administration for 97 % drugs and duration of treatment for only 69 % of the drugs prescribed. Around 56.44 % of diagnosis accounted for senile immature cataract. Rest 15.33 % and 9.81 % acconting for pseudophakia and senile mature cataract respectively. The number of antibiotics prescribed was 8,955 (58.43 %), out of these 5,981 (66.79 %) antibiotics were prescribed in the form of drops, 2,782 (31.06 %) as ointment and 191 (2.13 %) orally. Number of encounters with anti-inflammatory and anti allergic drugs was 1,547 (10.1 %), mydriatics and cycloplegics 1,317 (8.6 %), miotics 474 (3.1 %), lubricant and miscellaneous eye drops 2,869 (18.72 %) and multivitamins 161 (1.05 %). Prescription writing errors were at its minimum thereby avoiding irrational prescriptions. Duration of treatment and prescribing by generic name were very low.
Background
Undergraduate medical students in India participate in various research activities However, plagiarism is rampant, and we hypothesize that it is the lack of knowledge on how to avoid plagiarism. This study’s objective was to measure the extent of knowledge and attitudes towards plagiarism among undergraduate medical students in India.
Methods
It was a multicentre, cross-sectional study conducted over a two-year period (January 2018 – December 2019). Undergraduate medical students were given a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire which contained: (a) Demographic details; (b) A quiz developed by Indiana University, USA to assess knowledge; and (c) Attitudes towards Plagiarism (ATP) questionnaire.
Results
Eleven medical colleges (n = 4 government medical colleges [GMCs] and n = 7 private medical colleges [PMCs]) participated. A total of N = 4183 students consented. The mean (SD) knowledge score was 4.54 (1.78) out of 10. The factors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]; 95% Confidence interval [CI]; p value) that emerged as significant predictors of poor knowledge score were early years of medical education (0.110; 0.063, 0.156; < 0.001) and being enrolled in a GMC (0.348; 0.233, 0.463; < 0.001).The overall mean (SD) scores of the three attitude components namely permissive, critical and submissive norms were 37.56 (5.25), 20.35 (4.20) and 31.20 (4.28) respectively, corresponding to the moderate category.
Conclusion
The overall knowledge score was poor. A vast majority of study participants fell in the moderate category of attitude score. These findings warrant the need for incorporating formal training in the medical education curriculum.
This chapter describes the habitat and cultivation of Garcinia species around the world, and the efficacy of the biologically active (i.e. with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties, among other activities) chemical constituents of Garcinia species, which have potential applications in the food and drug industries. The chemical structures of some compounds are presented.
This chapter discusses the traditional uses of native medicinal plants from Chile and provides tabulated data on Chilean medicinal plants, including the parts used and their effects, in order to analyse compounds that could be responsible for these medicinal effects. It presents scientific evidence supporting biological activity associated with the presence of polyphenols in Chilean plants. The determination of polyphenols in Chilean plants and their antioxidant capacity are described. The main factors affecting polyphenol content in plants are also mentioned, i.e. genotype, environment, storage and processing, and stage of harvest.
This chapter reviews important mechanical and barrier properties of milk protein-based films and coatings, highlighting their current and potential applications in antimicrobial food packaging.
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