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In the field of RS and GIS, automated information extracted from topographic sheet or reference map plays a pivotal role in assisting researchers in performing various inferential analyses that aids in making qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of the features. Such automated procedures tremendously reduces time and effort requirement compared to that of traditional manual techniques. This work aims at associating stream order for vector hydrograph using spiral traversal technique that reduces time complexity from O(n2) to o(n).

Perception and expectation of citizens is an important factor in urban planning, settlement and management. Hence, there is a need of a participatory citizen centric planning of urban settlement based on spatial data. These perception and expectation may be represented in terms of emotions. Determining Urban Emotions is an approach which can be used to map different types of emotions associated with urbanization. In the recent years, some new methods have been presented for the area of urban and spatial planning, resulting in a fundamental change of the understanding of urban planning. Geographical information system acts as a key factor for analyzing urban emotions from various types of data. This paper presents the review of ongoing research on various techniques for determining urban emotions in the recent years.

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Abstract-A typical drainage pattern is an arrangement of river segment in a drainage basin and has several contributing identifiable features such as leaf segments, intermediate segments and bifurcations. In studies related to morphological assessment of drainage pattern for estimating channel capacity, length, bifurcation ratio and contribution of segments to the main stream, association of order with the identified segment and creation of attribute repository plays a pivotal role. Strahler's (1952) proposed an ordering technique that categories the identified stream segments into different classes based on their significance and contribution to the drainage pattern. This work aims at implementation of procedures that efficiently associates order with the identified segments and creates a repository that stores the attributes and estimates of different segments automatically. Implementation of such techniques not only reduces both time and effort as compared to that of manual procedures, it also improves the confidence and reliability of the results.

A topographic sheet hosts various morphological features that effectively describe the terrain. This multi-faced information content not only elevates human perception but also provides ample direction for research initiatives. Out of all possible attributes based on utility, contours have wide set of application. A contour is characterized by its coordinate system and most importantly, its elevation detail. Upon, successful attainment of these two attributes, creating a fully automatic 3D projection system may be achieved with relative ease. In contrast to the traditional manual approach, this research initiative puts forward a novel mechanism for automatically localizing contour and its attributes including coordinate pattern and elevation value in a referenced map. To accomplish the aforementioned objectives, the proposed mechanism relies on various image processing techniques based on morphological operations. Further, the extracted details can be used to project the contours in a 3D space. This projection is also called Digital Elevation Model (DEM). DEM is crucial for various applications such as Terrain Modeling, Hydrological Modeling, Path Optimization, to name a few. Automatically and accurately created DEM from topographic sheet could contribute a lot in many Geographical Information System (GIS) applications. This paper focuses mainly on elevation value localization associated with specific contour.

Perception and expectation of citizens is an important factor in urban settlement, planning and management. Hence, there is a need of a participatory citizen centric planning of urban settlement based on spatial data. These perception and expectation may be represented in terms of emotions. Determining Urban Emotions is an approach which can be used to map different types of emotions associated with urbanization. In the recent years, some new methods have been presented for the area of urban and spatial planning, which resulted in a fundamental change of the issues and understanding of urban planning. Geographical information system acts as a key factor for analyzing urban emotions from various types of data. This paper presents the supervised learning approach for determining urban emotions using K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm.