Patient safety is the main issue in health care organization, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality defines it as, “freedom from accidental or preventable injuries produced by medical care. Thus, practices or interventions that improve patient safety are those that reduce the occurrence of preventable adverse events”. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Iraqi pharmacist perception about the culture of patient safety. As well as estimate whether safety is a principal issue in their pharmaceutical practice this study was carried out on 435 pharmacists who are working in community pharmacies in various Iraqi provinces. A survey was distributed via the internet during the period from May to June 2020. A community pharmacy questionnaire was used to evaluate the awareness of pharmacists regarding the culture of patient safety. A result of this study shows that the patient counseling field was the most positive one  among the studied domains with score 68.8%  of positive awareness and 70.4% of the pharmacists indicated that they inform patients with needed information about their new prescriptions.  In contrast, staffing and work pressure scored the lowest positive response (36.55%). Although 66.7% of the participants stated they have the appropriate number of staff in their pharmacies to deal with the workload.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction along with the cardinal features of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound is around quarter of all women but is not associated with the full syndrome. The study aimed to assess the status of thyroid disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: This prospective hospital-based case-control study involved most outpatients aged 13–45 years who visited the Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Infertility clinic at Baghdad Teaching Hospital with complaints of hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea or infertility. This study included 70 patients, including 50 with PCOS (PCOS group) and 20 without (control group). Results: The PCOS group exhibited significantly higher mean thyroid stimulating hormone level (3.9 vs. 3.1 µIU/L), luteinizing hormone level (15.2 vs. 4.7 mIU/mL), and body mass index (28.6 vs. 24.9 kg/m2; all, p<0.001) and a non-significantly higher follicle-stimulating hormone level (9.2 vs. 5.2 mIU/L) than the control group. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a higher prevalence of thyroid disorder among women with PCOS.

Clopidogrel is a prodrug that must be transformed into an active metabolite by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes to prevent platelet clotting. Polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene can cause a reduction or complete loss of CYP2C19 enzyme activity resulting in inhibiting clopidogrel metabolism, effectiveness and increase stroke recurrence risk in ischemic stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the correlation between genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19*2 and*3 and recurrent risk in patients with ischemic stroke taking clopidogrel 75mg in Kurdistan region –Iraq. This retrospective case-control study was carried out at Kurdistan, Erbil, Medicina medical center, and Rizgary general hospital from January 2021 to August 2021. The blood sample was taken from the participants and tested for genotyping. The collection of data was taken from patients' medical charts in the hospital and patients’ electronic medical records from the neurology clinic.  Sixty patients participated, (34) were male and (26) were female, with age range (38-96) years, diagnosed from not more than two years with ischemic stroke and taking 75 mg clopidogrel maintenance dose. Genotyping analysis showed 61.7 % were homozygotes for wild allele *1, the heterozygotes divided into 26.7% (*1/*2) and 6.7 % (*1/*3) genotype, while the homozygotes for mutant alleles CYP2C19*2,*3 distributed in 3.3 %(*2/*2) and 1.7 %(*3/*3). The (*2/*3) was not detected in the study population. A significant relation was found between risk of stroke recurrence with carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *2, reduced CYP2C19 enzyme metabolic activity, and ACEIs/ARBs usage (P = 0.024, P = 0.039, P=0.24 respectively). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the risk of stroke recurrence and carrying the variant allele CYP2C19 *3 (P = 1.000). Ischemic stroke patients treated with clopidogrel and carrying a CYP2C19*2 allele had a higher risk of recurrent stroke as it is associated with reduced the metabolic activity of CYP2C19 enzyme leading to reduction of clopidogrel effect.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is distinguished by the necrosis of myocardial cells as a result of substantial and prolonged ischemia. Anxiety, problems sleeping, and feelings of depression are some of the most common psychosocial consequences of having a myocardial infarction. Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of post-myocardial infarction on patients' levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of sleep. Method: The collection of data from 94 individuals with MI was carried out according to a descriptive cross-sectional design. Sleep quality, depression, and anxiety were evaluated using standard questionnaires. Results: 69.1% of the participants reported having trouble getting quality sleep. The percentage of individuals suffering from depression who have a MI According to the PHQ-9 scale, 51.1% of the participants exhibited signs of mild depression, while 40% of the participants exhibited signs of moderate anxiety. Both of these results were based on the participants' responses on the GAD-7 scale. Conclusion: Patients who had recently suffered a myocardial infarction had poor sleep quality, and a substantial percentage of them also suffered from depression and anxiety.

In this study, the efficacy of water extracts of rotundus Cyperus tubers was tested. Polium Teucrium and Farcta Prosopis were evaluated in reducing levels glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of healthy male rats with diabetes and compared with the effect of insulin. The water extracts of alfalfa, cactus and krub proved to be efficient in lowering the level of glucose in healthy rats and diabetes. As the results demonstrates, the water extract is Thyme tubers caused a significant reduction in the level of cholesterol and triglycerides, while the extract hydrolysis of carob fruits has significantly reduced the level of thalassyl clycerides only, while the water extract did not change for the ventricular fractures of the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in the diabetic rats.