Stable isotopic technique and hydrochemistry was used in studying the water resources interaction of near Haditha Reservoir area, western Iraq. Throughout the study area, 14 groundwater samples (Bashina, Zwachi springs and Wells), 8 surface water samples from the study area, and 7 spring samples were analyzed for 2 H and 18 O stable isotopes and hydrochemical analysis. In this study, the temperature, altitude and continental effects on the isotopic composition of rain water in Iraq were studied. The climate of the study area is classified as semi-arid to arid region. The results show a variation in the isotopic values of Haditha reservoir and Euphrates river. This variation is due to the effect of the low surface area and the low velocity of water of Haditha Reservoir on the amount of evaporation, compared with the high velocity and the large surface area of Euphrates river. There was a variation in the isotopic values between Bishina and Zwachi springs, due to two factors that appear to modify the isotopic signatures of the springs, namely the lack of hydraulic connection between the springs of Bishina and Zwachi, meaning that they recharge from different sources. The changes in oxygen isotope composition of the groundwater between a deep reservoir and the springs (Bishina) may be caused by the dilution with near surface waters (Haditha reservoir) with different oxygen isotope compositions. The variation in the isotopic content in the studied area indicated that there are various origins of springs recharge and a different interactions of the multiple sources of springs with the mutli-depths of springs water.
*كمال ، اني البارو 2 ج أنعام ، معه عبدهللا 1 1 اق. العر ، بغداد ، ية الجادر ، بغداد جامعة ، العلؽم كلية ، الجيؽلؽجيا قدػ 2 اق. العر ، بغداد ، ية الجادر ، البيئة وبحؽث السياه تكشؽلؽجيا ية مدير ، التكشؽلؽجيا و العلؽم ة ار وز الخالصة مؼ بالقرب السائية ارد السؽ تداخل اسة در في الييدروكيسيائية التحاليل و ة السدتقر الشعائر تقشية استخدام تػ اخذ تػ اق, العر غرب حديثة ان خز مشطقة 11 ) االبار و وزويجي بذشة مشطقة (يشابيع الجؽفية السياه مؼ نسؽذج و 8 د تست ة), البحير و ات الفر (نير الدطحية السياه مؼ نساذج األوكدجيؼ نعائر اسة ر 18 ودرجة يؽم الديتير و لسياه الشعائري التركيب أيزا و ساعتيؼ لسدة ة السدتقر الشعائر تحليل مؼ الشاتجة ات التأثير و تفاع االر و ة ار الحر
Long term evolution (LTE) selects orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and its single-carrier counterpart SC-FDM as the basic transmission schemes. OFDM is a very interesting approach for high data rate transmission in a Gaussian channel and multipath fading environment that leads to inter symbol interference (ISI). In this paper, a proposed convolutional encoder model is used to improve the error rate performance of OFDM system, by using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) to reduce ISI. The performance of OFDM based on DWT using M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) as a modulation scheme to achieve high data rate. The simulation results demonstrate that, the bit error rate (BER) is improved for a proposed convolutional encoder model as compared with the previous work.
General Terms
LTE, MATLAB simulator
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