The aim of this study is the bandwidth analysis of a p-π-n photodetector, three different junction areas (0.008, 0.014, 0.02) mm 2 were used with π-layer width of 5 μm, and the πlayer width required to get maximum bandwidth is 3.4 μm. The results showed that the bandwidth increases with the decreasing of detector area, this is because when detector area decreases the junction capacitance also decreases. The obtained bandwidth is 7.8 GHz at π-layer width of 5 μm, the required biasing voltage is 17.55 V. The best bandwidth obtained is 9 GHz at a π-layer width of 3.4 μm, an area of 0.008 mm 2 and required biasing voltage is 11.934 V. In this paper mathematical relations have been found to get bandwidth, maximum bandwidth, and the requirements to achieve it. The requirements include choosing values of, πlayer width, biasing voltage, electric field, and carriers velocity. The mathematical relations results are very close to the experimental results. The results are achieved with the aid of MATLAB programming tool version 8.5.0.1976013 (R2015a).
In visible light communication (VLC), intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) based on DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) is used to transfer data at a high rate. Because OFDM signals are modulated using IM/DD, the peak of the transmitted signals is scaled up, resulting in a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this article, the Walsh–Hadamard transform (WHT) is used as a precoder for discrete Hartley transform (DHT) to decrease the PAPR and the DC bias and achieve a good bit error rate (BER) performance in such a system. PAPR reduction results from the decrease of superposition of the transmitted signals owing to the use of WHT as a precoder. The proposed scheme and conventional DCO-OFDM indoor VLC system based on discrete Hartley transform (DHT) are compared to assure the new system’s benefits and efficiency.
The electronic-passport is majorly used in worldwide. Many countries have started changing their conventional passports to electronic-passports due to upgraded security of the passport holder. Passports and any document probably enhanced using recent technology advancements - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for e-passports. The e-Passport is one of the important identification system of these applications of RFID, where the number of forged passports is increasing worldwide. It is great importance to examine a policy regarding to these information of the passport holder according to electronic approaches and developments, which are moving toward electronic data storage that focuses on the localization techniques. In this paper, we propose Weighted Least Squares Techniques (WLST) of generalized least squares that specifically estimate the accuracies of different measurements of the Passport Position (PP) to obtain a better estimation in airports. This algorithm achieves greater robustness results for accuracy in localization and tracking with a very limited in computational cost.
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