In this paper, we introduce a new family of continuous distributions that is called the modified Kies family of distributions. The main mathematical properties of the new family are derived. A special case of the new family has been considered in more detail; namely, the two parameters modified Kies exponential distribution with bathtub shape, decreasing and increasing failure rate function. The importance of the new distribution comes from its ability in modeling positively and negatively skewed real data over some generalized distributions with more than two parameters. The shape behavior of the hazard rate and the mean residual life functions of the modified Kies exponential distribution are discussed. We use the method of maximum likelihood to estimate the distribution parameters based on complete and type-II censored samples. The approximate confidence intervals are also obtained under the two schemes. A simulation study is conducted and two real data sets from the engineering field are analyzed to show the flexibility of the new distribution in modeling real life data.
Relative surprise regions are shown to minimize, among Bayesian credible
regions, the prior probability of covering a false value from the prior. Such
regions are also shown to be unbiased in the sense that the prior probability
of covering a false value is bounded above by the prior probability of covering
the true value. Relative surprise regions are shown to maximize both the Bayes
factor in favor of the region containing the true value and the relative belief
ratio, among all credible regions with the same posterior content. Relative
surprise regions emerge naturally when we consider equivalence classes of
credible regions generated via reparameterizations.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-EJS126 the Electronic
Journal of Statistics (http://www.i-journals.org/ejs/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
Injuries (unintentional and intentional) are the main cause of death and disability worldwide, including Jordan. The main purpose of this hospital-based retrospective study was to identify characteristics, causes, and risk factors of unintentional injuries and violence among all adult patients who approached the Accidents and Emergency department because of injury in Northern Jordan. Data were collected retrospectively from four major hospitals from January 2008 to January 2013. A total of 2425 Jordanian individuals who accessed and were treated by the four hospitals were included in this study. The findings show that the majority of patients who approached the Accidents and Emergency departments in the four hospitals were males (n = 2044, 87.16%) versus females (n = 301, 12.8%). Violence was the most common reason of injury (70.66%), followed by road traffic crashes (23.21%). The most common anatomical locations of reported injuries were the head (38.74%), followed by abdomen/pelvis and lower back, among males and females (9.93%). Violence had a high significant effect on the site of injuries. Patients who had been injured to the head because of a stab wound or fighting were substantially over-involved in head injuries, with injury rates 3.88 and 7.51 times higher than those who had been injured to the head due to gunshot, respectively. Even patients who had been injured to the head because of assault show much higher involvement in injury risk than non-assault patients (Odds Ratio = 8.46). These findings highlight the need for a large national study to confirm the findings. It also draws attention to the importance of public awareness and to special injury prevention programs that not only focus on saving lives and lessening the number of injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, but also to limit the social and economic burden of injury among adults in Northern Jordan.
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