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Estrogen concentration in feces was investigated in five different herbivorous species of zoo animals. Using a nonspecific estrogen radioimmunoassay, in four species (red buffalo, yak, Grevy's zebra, and Nubian ibex) pregnancy was revealed by measuring estrogen concentration in feces. In hippopotamus, the levels of fecal estrogens were not different between pregnant and nonpregnant animals.

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BACKGROUNDSimultaneous bilateral femoral neck fractures are relatively rare injuries. They are usually associated with underlying metabolic bone disorders or systemic diseases. Long-term use of narcotics and bisphosphonates can also result in similar fracture patterns; however, association of this fracture type with long-term use of antiepileptic drugs is not very common. Only one such case has been reported in the literature. This article describes the second.CASE REPORTWe report a case of simultaneous displaced bilateral femoral neck fractures in a 50-year-old epileptic patient, who had taken phenytoin for the past 3 years. The fractures were a result of low-velocity injury following a fall from the bed. The fractures were managed with a bilateral hemi-replacement arthroplasty. Oral bisphosphonates were given to improve the bone quality in the post-operative period. The patient had a good post-operative outcome, that was sustained throughout the entire follow-up period of 1 year.CONCLUSIONAntiepileptic drugs should be supplemented with bisphosphonates and vitamin D to improve bone quality and prevent fractures in epileptic patients.

PAD is prevalent in the Arabian Gulf and is more likely to be associated with old age, females, ethnicity, smokers and those with diabetes mellitus.

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Introduction: The AHA/ASA strongly recommend urgent noninvasive vascular imaging for suspected LVO patients. 1 There remains concern about developing acute kidney injury (AKI) and/or contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) secondary to contrast exposure for CTA or DSA. 2-8 It is unclear if contrast has any impact upon outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy (ET) patients, and if this differs from patients who do not undergo ET. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted upon 2384 consecutive patients who were admitted with acute ischemic stroke from 1/2014 - 8/2017. Patients were grouped into: ET (CTA+DSA), CTA Only, and No Contrast. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted for a 1:1:1 match between these 3 groups. The primary outcome was 90-day modified rankin scal (mRS). Patients were grouped into favorable (mRS ≤ 2) and unfavorable (mRS > 2). AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 0.3 within 48 hours while CIN was defined as an increase in SCr ≥ 0.5 or 25% at 48 - 72 hours 9 . Results: 124 patients were matched into each group. Patients that received contrast had higher rates of AKI at 48-72 hours; however, this was not statistically significant (8% CTA+DSA, 5% CTA only, and 3% no contrast, p = 0.228). Patients with poor outcome amongst all groups had statistically significant higher rates of baseline CKD (37% vs 24%, p = 0.038) and AKI (22% vs 11%, p = 0.025). Multivariable analysis for the ET subgroup shows no significant difference in outcomes with or without AKI; however, in the non-ET subgroup, presence of AKI was significantly associated with poor outcome (OR 1.25 (0.36, 4.34) and 19.05 (2.13, 170.72), respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Rates of AKI do not differ significantly based on the administration of contrast. In our PSM population, those not undergoing ET have poorer outcomes if they suffer AKI; however, there is no difference in outcomes if patients receive ET.