Abstract-Lower extremity amputees suffer from mobility limitations which will result in a degradation of their quality of life. Wearable sensors are frequently used to assess spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters providing the means to establish an interactive control of the amputee-prosthesisenvironment system. Gait events and the gait phase detection of an amputee's locomotion are vital for controlling lower limb prosthetic devices. The paper presents an approach to real-time gait event detection for lower limb amputees using a wireless gyroscope attached to the shank when performing level ground and ramp activities. The results were validated using both healthy and amputee subjects and showed that the time differences in identifying Initial Contact (IC) and Toe Off (TO) events were larger in a transfemoral amputee when compared to the control subjects and a transtibial amputee (TTA). Overall, the time difference latency lies within a range of ± 50 ms while the detection rate was 100% for all activities. Based on the validated results, the IC and TO events can be accurately detected using the proposed system in both control subjects and amputees when performing activities of daily living and can also be utilized in the clinical setup for rehabilitation and assessing the performance of lower limb prosthesis users.

Abstract. Documentation on the efficacy of artesunate in Africa is limited, and no experience of artesunate use in Sudan is documented. Severe malaria in rural areas of Sudan, where facilities for the safe and effective use of parenteral quinine are lacking, is a frequent problem. Early treatment with artesunate suppositories would provide a simple method for use by unskilled staff and would be an alternative approach to treat malaria in settings with poor resources. We describe a hospital-based study of rectal artesunate in 100 adult patients with severe falciparum malaria with a dose derived from pharmacokinetic data (200 mg every 8 hours) over 3 days, which halted progression of severe disease and had a low fatality rate. The dosage schedule led to a rapid clinical response and reduced parasite clearance and fever subsidence times of (31.5 ± 10

ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. Overall, detection accuracy was 99.78% for all the events in both groups. Based on the validated results, the proposed system can be used to accurately detect the temporal gait events in real-time that leads to the detection of gait phase system and therefore, can be utilized in gait analysis applications and the control of lower limb prostheses.

The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of 200 mg oral and rectal artesunate in healthy volunteers, and to suggest a rational dosage regimen for rectal administration. The study design was a randomized open cross-over study of 12 healthy volunteers; the analytical method used was a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with post column derivatization and subsequent ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the main metabolite alpha-dihydroartemisinin data due to the rapid disappearance of artesunate from the plasma. Dihydroartemisinin following oral administration of artesunate had a significantly higher AUC(0-infinity) (P<0.05 95% confidence interval (CI) -1168.73, -667.61 ng x h/mL(-1)) and Cmax (P<0.05; 95% CI -419.73, -171.44 ng/mL(-1)), and had shorter tmax (P<0.05; 95% CI -0.97, -0.10 h) than that following rectal artesunate. There was no statistically significant difference in the elimination half-life between both routes of administration (P>0.05; 95% CI -0.14, 0.53 h). The relative bioavailability of rectal artesunate was [mean (coefficient of variation %) 54.9 (24.8%) %]. On the basis of these data an 8 hourly dosing regimen per day with rectal artesunate is proposed.

Abstract-Events and phases detection of the human gait are vital for controlling prosthesis, orthosis and functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems. Wearable sensors are inexpensive, portable and have fast processing capability. They are frequently used to assess spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters of the human gait which in turn provide more details about the human voluntary control and amputeeprosthesis interaction. This paper presents a reliable real-time gait event detection algorithm based on simple heuristics approach, applicable to signals from tri-axial gyroscope for lower limb amputees during ramp ascending and descending. Experimental validation is done by comparing the results of gyroscope signal with footswitches. For healthy subjects, the mean difference between events detected by gyroscope and footswitches is 14 ms and 10.5 ms for initial contact (IC) whereas for toe off (TO) it is -5 ms and -25 ms for ramp up and down respectively. For transfemoral amputee, the error is slightly higher either due to the placement of footswitches underneath the foot or the lack of proper knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion during ramp up and down. Finally, repeatability tests showed promising results.

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White blood cell counting analysis of blood smear images using various segmentation strategies AIP Conference Proceedings 1883, 020018 (2017) Abstract:Ergonomics has gained attention and take into consideration by the workers in the different fields of works recently. It has given a huge impact on the workers comfort which directly affects the work efficiency and productivity. The workers have claimed to suffer from the painful postures and injuries in their workplace. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is the most common problem frequently reported by the workers. This problem occurs due to the lack of knowledge and alertness from the workers to the ergonomic in their surroundings. This paper intends to review the approaches and instruments used by the previous works of the researchers in the evaluation of the ergonomics. The two main assessment methods often used for ergonomic evaluation are Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Popular devices are Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and Microsoft Kinect.

Abstract-Gait event detection is important for intent predication in lower limb prostheses and exoskeletons during different activities. Human gait cycle is divided into two main phases i.e. swing phase and stance phase. Initial contact (IC) with the ground indicate the start of stance phase while Toe Off (TO) is the start of swing phase. This article presents algorithm based on set of heuristic rules for gait event detection using a single gyroscope attached on shank of subjects performing activities of daily living such as normal walking, fast walking, ramp ascending and ramp descending. The algorithm sequentially detected gait events like IC, TO, Midswing (MSw) and Midstance (MSt). Results were compared with the reference pressure measurement system using Flexiforce footswitches (FSW). The mean difference error between the reference and proposed system was for IC is about +4ms and for TO is about -6.5ms. The results showed that proposed algorithm achieved high detection performance compared to the existing algorithms and will lead to powerful tool to develop an intent recognition system for lower limb amputees. I. INTRODUCTIONLocomotion is crucial for human during activities of daily living (ADLs) as it plays an important role in gait efficiency and task progression. Patients with pathologic gait suffer from higher energy consumption and risk of falls. Gait analysis and event detection has been used in different applications using ambulatory gait systems to evaluate and improve patients' motilities and to control the functional electrical stimulation (FES) [1][2][3].Gait events can be detected using either force based measurement systems by means of footswitches such as force sensitive resistors (FSR) [4], or wearable sensor such as Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU) [5]. To perform outdoor activities for longer period of time, it is crucial to use the systems which are reliable, portable, small, inexpensive, and with low power consumption [6][7][8].Many researchers have used wearable sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) for analysis of spatiotemporal gait parameters during ADLs [9,[20][21]. Gyroscopes have been applied for detecting the gait events for triggering [10] amputees [20]. Locating the gyroscope on shank has many advantages as opposed to other parts of the human body [12], such as less soft tissue muscles at shank compared to thigh. In addition, gyroscope placed at shank is acceptable accurately in healthy and pathological subjects [13,14].Sabatini et al.[15] developed a gait event detection system for analysis of incline walking based on a single gyroscope attached on the foot of healthy subjects. However, placing gyroscope on shank provides ease of use as compared to its placement on foot as it provides less signal variability between the subjects. P. Catalfamo et al.[16] used a single gyroscope placed on the shank for detection of initial contact (IC) and foot off (FO) in subjects walking up and down on inclined surface and level ground. The results were compared with a reference system of foot ...