Plant (vegetable) oil has been evaluated as a substitute for mineral oil-based lubricants because of its natural and environmentally friendly characteristics. Availability of vegetable oil makes it a renewable source of bio-oils. Additionally, vegetable oil-based lubricants have shown potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions when utilized in internal combustion (IC) engines and industrial operations. In this study, sunflower oil was investigated to study its lubricant characteristics under different loads using the four-ball tribometer and the exhaust emissions were tested using a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. All experimental works conformed to American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM D4172-B). Under low loads, sunflower oil showed adequate tribological characteristics (antifriction and antiwear) compared with petroleum oil samples. The results also demonstrated that the sunflower oil-based lubricant was more effective in reducing the emission levels of carbon monoxide (CO), CO, and hydrocarbons under different test conditions. Therefore, sunflower oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating components. Implications: An experimental investigation of the characteristics of nonedible sunflower oil tribological behaviors and potential as a renewable source for biofluids alternative to the petroleum oils was carried out. The level of emissions of a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using sunflower oil as a biolubricant was evaluated.
Vegetable oils are sustainable fluids which have been promoted to replace petroleum-based oils due to its environment friendly characteristics; it is being a very important supply of biolubricant. The excellent advantage of vegetable oil is the fact it is really which can be used environment friendly supplier. In addition, vegetable oil based lubricant clearly show the possibility to minimize carbon monoxide also hydrocarbon emissions when used in IC engines. There are basically two different ways to using vegetable oil to be a bio-lubricant, either one by directly use the pure vegetable oil with additives or use certain blending ratio of vegetable oil with mineral lubricant. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mineral oil with RBD palm olein on the tribological characteristics were investigated and compared with commercial lubricant oil by using the four ball tribotester. The blending ratio was varied from neat with interval of 20% by volume. All experimental works were conforming to ASTM D4172. The results exhibited that the blend of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil has lower the wear scar of ball bearings and coefficient of friction compared to commercial lubricant oil. As a conclusion, the blending of RBD palm olein with commercial lubricant oil has better performance compared to commercial lubricant oil or pure RBD palm olein.
Latent heat of the fusion for the Phase changeable materials (PCM) can be utilized as heat energy store, and this energy can be employed in different applications. In present experimental work, effect of using the embedded longitudinal fins within the paraffin wax, on the energy and exergy performance for the solar air collector was investigated under the Baghdad governorate climate. Compared with the collector without paraffin wax, the results indicated that using of paraffin wax as a thermal storage material reduces the losses of energy and exergy of the collector, high levels of heat reduction by using PCM/Fins were about 33 and 40% respectively at the peak heat charging time (12:30 PM), while the decreasing in energy and exergy losses of the collector with PCM only was about 24 and 30% respectively at the same time of charging (12:30 PM). Due to the going of sum heat to store in the paraffin wax at the charging heat time, the energy along with exergy heat gains, while efficiencies were decreased with and without fins, this decreasing in the heat was the most by using PCM/Fins and it was around 30 and 44%, respectively for energy and exergy efficiencies, while it was about 20 and 31% by using PCM only at the same time of testing. The benefit of using embedded longitudinal fins in PCM is to enhance the thermal storage efficiency by about 6% compared with the solar collector that uses PCM only. Keywords:solar collector, PCM, fins, energy, exergy, efficiency the results indicated that using inner longitudinal fins led to accelerate melting of PCM (paraffin wax). While, Lin [7] was
In this work, the influence of colors of filters upon the photovoltaic panels rising temperature and electrical performance was studied under Baghdad Meteorological Condition. Basing on the energy analysis of a photovoltaic solar system and by using the photonic theory, the available energy on the PV plane system has been evaluated. Seven colored filters each with (85W) PV modules were used in this case study, to reveal the impact of colored filters upon the electrical productivity of PV panel with the variation in the temperature caused by these filters. There is the main issue of this work is to show how the performance of PV module by imposing colored filter and hence how and to how much improve it by reducing the cell temperature in hot climate. Outcomes showed that the PV technology is affected by the color filters. In other words, red filter gives light have least photons energy, and violet filter gives light have the most photons energy and green is between the two. So, red colors filter gives highest PV panel temperature comparative with others filters, while violet color filter was the lowest. PV module with the lowest temperature colored filter gives the best electrical performance than others.
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