Plant (vegetable) oil has been evaluated as a substitute for mineral oil-based lubricants because of its natural and environmentally friendly characteristics. Availability of vegetable oil makes it a renewable source of bio-oils. Additionally, vegetable oil-based lubricants have shown potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions when utilized in internal combustion (IC) engines and industrial operations. In this study, sunflower oil was investigated to study its lubricant characteristics under different loads using the four-ball tribometer and the exhaust emissions were tested using a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. All experimental works conformed to American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM D4172-B). Under low loads, sunflower oil showed adequate tribological characteristics (antifriction and antiwear) compared with petroleum oil samples. The results also demonstrated that the sunflower oil-based lubricant was more effective in reducing the emission levels of carbon monoxide (CO), CO, and hydrocarbons under different test conditions. Therefore, sunflower oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating components. Implications: An experimental investigation of the characteristics of nonedible sunflower oil tribological behaviors and potential as a renewable source for biofluids alternative to the petroleum oils was carried out. The level of emissions of a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using sunflower oil as a biolubricant was evaluated.
Many bio-fluids have been introduced to replace petroleum-based products one of which is vegetable oil which has characteristics that are friendly to the environment. Based on its characteristics, it is turning into a significant bio fluid source. Vegetable oil has a great advantage over other forms of bio-oils which is its wild availability as a renewable source. Furthermore, when used in engines, vegetable oil based lubricants have the ability to decrease hydrocarbon emissions as well as carbon dioxide. Using the pure vegetable oil with no additions and using certain blending ratios are the two methods of using vegetable oil as a bio-fluid. This paper focuses on conducting an investigation on the influence of using the normal load on the performance characteristics for the blending of two types of vegetable fluid, and making a comparison between this and a commercial mineral fluid using the four ball tribotester, palm olein with Jatropha curcas oil which were mixed in (RB60/J40) ratio. All conducted experiments were conformed to ASTM D4172. It has been noticed from the obtained results that RBD palm olein and Jatropha curcas oil Blend has the ball bearings wear scar and frication coefficient less than the commercial fluid. Based on that, it is concluded that the RB60/J40 blend is more efficient than neat RBD palm olein and commercial mineral fluid as well.
A numerical simulation is a method carried out to study the flow characteristics of compressible fluid through different channels. Two approaches using air as a working substance were used to study the flow characteristics. In the first approach, two inlets and one outlet horizontally in the x direction was depended on to generate different flow characteristics; the flow properties were calculated along the diagonal line inside the channel. In the second approach, one inlet and outlet horizontally with sudden change in the area of the channel was employed. In this research, the flow properties were calculated along the center line inside the channel and the flow fields have been investigated. A non-linear k-Є model is employed to solve the flow characteristics by using the finite difference method with a curvilinear coordinate system near the dead zone and the k-Є and Reynolds stress model area semi-empirical model based on modeling of the equations of transport that contain the dissipation rate (ε) as well as turbulent kinetic energy (k). The derivation of turbulent kinetic energy and its rate of dissipation derived from the Navier–Stokes equation. In this work, the simulation outcomes of the proposed k-ε turbulence model indicated a good compatibility with published correlations. In order to get an accurate solution, the value of 10–8 for the maximal normalized equation residual was considered to be the convergence between computation and steady solution. The model applied for flow velocity 30 m/s and the obtained results presented as curves, surface and contours for velocities turbulent kinetic energy, rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and vortices. The builder model can be utilized for academic purposes since it is widely used for many physical and engineering applications.
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