The results of the study indicated the importance of adopting hospital policies for dealing with incidents of violence and legislation to subject aggressors to judicial punishment.

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Background: Several risk managem-ent standards had been developed including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO standards. Objective: The study aimed at evaluating risk management among managers of model and ordinary primary health care centers in Baghdad City and comparing the risk management among these centers. Methods: A descriptive comparative design was carried throughout the present study at 55 primary health care centers; 15 model primary health care centers and 40 ordinary health care centers in Baghdad City. The study was initiated from May 25th 2017 up to January 25th 2018. Non-probability (purposive) sample of 55 managers of primary health care centers was selected of 15 model primary health care centers and 40 ordinary primary health care centers in Baghdad City. A questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study. The overall number of items included in the questionnaire is 20 items. Internal consistency "split-half" reliability was obtained through computation of Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient. Data were collected through the employment of the questionnaire and the interview technique as means of data collection. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approaches. Results: The study revealed that most of the managers of both model and ordinary primary health care centers had employed poor performance of standards of risk management of method of identifying risk (67%) (52.5%); risk management process (67%)(55%); potential risk treatments (60%)(67.5%); and cardinal rules for the practices of risk communication (60%)(50%) respectively. Conclusions: Managers of both sites unfortunately had performed the risk management standards inadequately.

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Objectives: Evaluation of school health surveillance system with Indicate the level of usefulness of this system,in addition to Describe the system.Methodology: A probability multistage sample of (54) subjects which is selected the school health units fromthe health institutions. Questionnaire has been divided into three main parts consist, form(A) especially forhealth directorate, form (B) for health sectors, and form (C) for primary health care centers; each form containsthe basic components, structure, process, outcome, total items of questionnaire was ( 74) items.Results: The study results indicate that the system is average adequacy, simple, moderately flexible, highlyacceptance, representative, low utility and unstable system.Recommendation: The study recommended computerizing the system data as addition to manualdocumentation. Statisticians may coordinate the monthly surveillance forms. Involving all health institutions andcenters related to school health in the surveillance system program.

Objective: Assessment of primary schools science teachers' knowledge towards health promotion in Baghdad City.Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at (100) primary school at Al-Rasafa, and Al-Karkh sectors inBaghdad City, from November 29th 2007 to January 20th 2009. A probability stratified random sample of (100)teachers who teach science subject was selected, and had at least one year of employment in the teaching field. Aquestionnaire format was used which was consisted of (2) parts. The overall number of the items included in thequestionnaire were (205) items. The first part was related to the demographic data of the teachers, the second part(six sections) was concerned with teachers' knowledge about health promotion. Reliability and validity ofquestionnaire was estimated through a pilot study. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptivestatistical analysis which included; frequency and percentage, and the application of inferential statistical analysiswhich included; mean of score, Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square test.Results. The study revealed that teachers have acquired moderate level of knowledge about nutrition, communicablediseases, immunization and vaccination, injuries and accidents, obesity, acute illness problems, dental problems,social and psychological development, water and lead pollution, radiation, noise problems, waste disposal and plantsproblems. Concerning the relationship between teachers' knowledge and their demographic characteristics, dataanalysis has showed that there is no association between teachers' knowledge and their ages, gender, and sectors.While, there is a significant associations between teachers' knowledge and their educational level, years ofemployment and training sessions.Recommendations: The study recommends that there is a need for health promotion-oriented education programwhich can be designed, constructed and presented to primary school teachers with great emphasis on all aspects ofhealth promotion. Furthermore, teacher can be nominated and encouraged to actively participate in health promotiontraining sessions. Also, the importance of a collaborative work which can be initiated between the Ministry ofEducation and the Ministry of Health to create facilities for the implementation of health promotion orientededucation program.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of health education oriented program on parents' awarenesstowards adolescents' violence control.Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in Baghdad city form 1st of April, 2008 to 1st of September,2009. A purposive "non-probability" sample of 60 parents who have adolescents' violence in their families who wereselected according to specific criteria. The researcher divided the samples into two equal groups; the study and controlgroups. The health education program, as well as a questionnaire was constructed as tools for data collection by theresearcher for the purpose of the study. Content validity was determined by a panel of experts in different specialties.Reliability of instrument was determined by the use of test-retest approach through the pilot study which was carriedout from October, 1st, 2008 to October, 22nd, 2008. Data were analyzed through the application of the descriptivestatistics (frequency, percentage and mean), and inferential statistics (person correlation coefficient and t-test).Results: Results of the study indicates that there is a significant comparative difference between parents' awarenesstowards adolescents' violence control in the study and control groups through the pre-test, post-test-Ι and post-test-ΙΙ.(after 3 to 4 weeks of post-test, for these results program is successful and can be considered as an effective means toincrease parents' awareness.Recommendations: The study recommended that such program can be implemented in form of sessions for parents ofadolescents in schools or reformation of juveniles to increase their awareness.

Objective(s): To evaluate students’ communication skills and their academic performance; to compare between the students relative to communication skills and their academic performance in the University of Baghdad and to identify the relationship between students’ communication skills, academic performance and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, gender, grade and socioeconomic status. Methodology: A descriptive design, using the evaluation approach, is carried through the present study to evaluate colleges’ students’ communication skills and their academic performance in the University of Baghdad for the period of January 7th 2019 to August 28th 2019. A non-probability, purposive sample, of (80) university students, is selected. Two questionnaires are utilized; the first iscontained of (15) items that measure the students’ communication skills and the second is comprised of (14) items that measure the students’ academic performance. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires are determined through pilot study. Data are collected through the use of study instruments and the structured interview technique as means for data collection. Data are analyzed through the application of the descriptive data analysis approach which includes frequency, percent and total scores and ranges and inferential statistical data analysis of approach of Multiple Linear Regression. Results: The study indicates that most of the students have fair level of Communication Skills (69%) and fair level of academic performance (67%). Students’ communication skills is influenced by their age and education stage and students’ academic performance is affected by their socioeconomic status. Recommendations: The study recommends that college students should be very well aware of the importance of communication skills and academic performance. Colleges’ curriculum should contain at least one course about communication skills and academic performance. Further research can be conducted on the same topic with wide-range sample size.