Privacy and security are the two major concerns of keeping and accessing data on the internet. The rate of intruding organisation’s database by unauthorised users is on the increase. Thus, the affected organisation’s data confidentiality is lost; it can be viewed, modified, deleted and/or make it inaccessible to authorised users. Intrusion detection and tolerance techniques help in recognising malicious attacks as well as supports the websites to survive the attack. A quantitative approach was used in this study even though numerous attempts of quantitative evaluation of the survivability of intrusion tolerant systems, especially in database field have been made. Study on survivability of intrusion tolerant systems has being done, taking behaviour of attack, prediction of scale, speed of database damage propagation and its degree of spreading as facilitators. This paper provides the intrusion tolerant database system as a series of state transition model (Zumkas Model) based on the hidden Markov model. Keywords: Intrusion, survivability, model, patterns
In today’s age of new opportunities and emerging technologies, various studies have affirmed that the adoption of information and communication technology required an enabling environment like that of mobile device. Mobile banking is an ICT application considered to be of vital use among people in different countries of the world, who are likely to have different infrastructural development or resource facilitating conditions. Despite all the benefits of mobile banking application, yet its adoption is beyond the industry expectations in Nigeria and most African countries. This can be attributed to some factors. This study examines the resistance factors that influence the adoption of mobile banking application in Nigeria in relation to enabling environment, based on customers perspective and concluded that customer’s resistance to use mobile banking services in Nigeria was significantly influenced by inadequate bank branches, absence of legislative framework, high cost of monthly Internet subscription and poor quality of Internet/telecommunication services. Keywords: Mobile banking usage, customer’s, technology, resistance, resources
Government expenditure remains an important instrument utilised in the process of development. It plays a pivotal role in the functioning of any economy at almost all stages of growth and development. The expenses incurred will provide the necessary infrastructures such as health care, educational and social security services etc. Funds spent on the provision of infrastructures are basically sourced from taxes, fines, royalties, borrowings and grants from the states, national and international governments. This study is on Nigeria public expenditure and revenue for the period of 2010-2020, data were collected for eleven years and were analyzed using statistical package E-view 10. The study revealed that fiscal synchronization and tax and spend have positive and significant effects on government expenditure. While spend-revenue and spend and tax were found to be negative and insignificant on government expenditure in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study concluded that federal government revenue, tax and spend and fiscal synchronization among the independent variables were statistically significant at 5% level of significance in the short run. In the long run, spend-revenue and spend and tax also turned out to be statistically significant. The study recommended that spend and tax of the country should cautiously be under watch to ensure that government should first make expenditure decision then adjust the tax policy and revenue in a way that it can go with the expenditure of the country. As for spend-revenue,government should always keep her expenditure under control by making sure that her expenditure change does not have any significant change on the revenue.
Nowadays, movable banking apps are thriving in international pecuniary market due to its flexibility and convenience, especially during COVID-19 pandemic lock-down. Despites these benefits, its development continues to face a lot of challenges due to security, privacy, and authentication issues, especially in developing nations where elegant technologies and explicit cyberspace laws remain an issue. This study used PRISMA approach to systematically reviewed present m-banking studies with aims of identifying other security and privacy issues, and user authentication schemes challenges. Six scholarly databases of; IEEE Xplore, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and Web of Science were searched. 38 articles were carefully read and analyzed meticulously. The study results exposed customers fear of third-party intrusion through other apps, device lost or theft with account information, financial loses, and absence of clear cyberspace laws to be the main safety and privacy issues. Also, the results found that the present authentication schemes used by banks are becoming weak and open to various attacks due to increase in online fraud. Thus, proposed two frameworks for investigating other dimensions of risk and trust factors, and for design of new user authentication scheme. Lastly, missing gaps in current studies, and direction for upcoming studies are mentioned.
Nowadays, movable banking apps are thriving in international pecuniary market due to its flexibility and convenience, especially during COVID-19 pandemic lock-down. Despites these benefits, its development continues to face a lot of challenges due to security, privacy, and authentication issues, especially in developing nations where elegant technologies and explicit cyberspace laws remain an issue. This study used PRISMA approach to systematically reviewed present m-banking studies with aims of identifying other security and privacy issues, and user authentication schemes challenges. Six scholarly databases of; IEEE Xplore, EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, and Web of Science were searched. 38 articles were carefully read and analyzed meticulously. The study results exposed customers fear of third-party intrusion through other apps, device lost or theft with account information, financial loses, and absence of clear cyberspace laws to be the main safety and privacy issues. Also, the results found that the present authentication schemes used by banks are becoming weak and open to various attacks due to increase in online fraud. Thus, proposed two frameworks for investigating other dimensions of risk and trust factors, and for design of new user authentication scheme. Lastly, missing gaps in current studies, and direction for upcoming studies are mentioned.
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