Background Despite a tremendous decline in the burden of malaria through public health interventions, it is yet remains a critical parasitic health problem in Ethiopia. Insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray are considered as the most effective preventive interventions against malaria. This study intended to determine the role of health extension workers in influencing the relationship between vector control strategies and malaria prevalence in Ethiopia. Methods The study adopted a descriptive study based on panel data collected from 10 regions of Ethiopia from 2010 to 2018. The data collected were analyzed using STATA version 13.0. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the mediating effect of health extension workers in the relationship. Further, the random effect model was employed to investigate the direct relationship among the study variables. Results We observed a strong mediating role of health extension workers to the relationship between strategic interventions and malaria prevalence, where the direct path is (β = 0.64, p < 0.05), and the indirect path (β = 0.72, p < 0.001) and (β = 0.98, p < 0.001) confirming the mediation condition to appear. Our analysis revealed that, insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spray significantly impacts the malaria prevalence (β = 0.20, p < 0.05) and (β = 0.70, p < 0.001) respectively. Further, our analysis suggests that the cumulative effect of indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated mosquito nets have helped better avert malaria prevalence (β = 81.3%, P < 0.05). Moreover, the finding demonstrates the incremental rate of 30.2%, which is the indirect effect of the research [(β = 0.813) - (β1 = 0.511)]. Conclusion The findings are potentially useful for the health sector in charge of infectious disease prevention and control, particularly in developing countries explaining how these group provided support to reduce malaria ensuring the provision of proper health message about the program.
The estrus detection system, proper time of insemination, feeding, and health care practices each make a significant contribution towards the herd's optimal breeding efficiency and lifetime production. In the sub-humid environments of Ethiopia, the age at first calving, days open, calving to first heat, and services per conception are economic traits in the reproductive performance of Horro and their crossbred dairy cows. As a result, data collected at Ethiopia's Bako Agricultural Research Center from 1980 to 2019 were used to study the reproductive performance of Horro and their crosses with Holstein Friesian and Jersey dairy cows. The overall mean ± standard error of age at first service (AFS), age at first calving (AFC), number of services per conception (NSP), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), conception rate (CR), and replacement rate (RR) were 29.2 ± 0.2 months, 39.8 ± 0.2months,1.76 ± 0.4, 13.2 ± 0.3 months, 94.3 ± 4.3 days, 75.0 ± 1.3%, and 28.4 ± 0.3%, respectively. At 60 and 90 days, the odd ratio of the non-return rate (NRR) was 0.22 and 0.96, respectively. The breeds (sire and dam) and birth period had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on AFS and AFC, whereas season and dam parity had a significant influence on CI and DO. Inconsistent management in feeding, heat detection, inseminator skill, insemination time, health, and other husbandry practices may result in extended periods of AFS, AFC, CI, and DO. To improve the reproductive performance of Horro and their crosses with Holstein Friesian and Jersey dairy cows in Ethiopia's sub-humid environments, we should focus on increasing management factors.
The estrus detection system, proper time of insemination, feeding, and health care practices each make a significant contribution towards the herd's optimal breeding efficiency and lifetime production. In the subhumid environments of Ethiopia, the age at first calving, days open, calving to first heat, and services per conception are economic traits in the reproductive performance of Horro and their crossbred dairy cows. As a result, data collected at Ethiopia's Bako Agricultural Research Center from 1980 to 2019 were used to study the reproductive performance of Horro and their crosses with Holstein Friesian and Jersey dairy cows. The overall mean ± standard error of age at first service (AFS), age at first calving (AFC), number of services per conception (NSP), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), conception rate (CR), and replacement rate (RR) were 29.2±0.2 months, 39.8±0.2months,1.76±0.4, 13.2±0.3 months, 94.3±4.3 days, 75.0±1.3%, and 28.4±0.3%, respectively. At 60 and 90 days, the odds ratio of the nonreturn rate (NRR) was 0.22 and 0.96, respectively. The breeds (sire and dam) and birth period had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on AFS and AFC, whereas season and dam parity had a significant influence on CI and DO. Inconsistent management in feeding, heat detection, inseminator skills, insemination time, health, and other husbandry practices may result in extended periods of AFS, AFC, CI, and DO. To improve the reproductive performance of Horro and their crosses with Holstein Friesian and Jersey dairy cows in Ethiopia's subhumid environments, we should focus on increasing management factors.
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