Background: Foodborne bacterial pathogens and spoilage microbes leads to economic loss as a result of foods deterioration and public health risk. In areas where there is habit of raw meat consumption, various bacteria may result in acquire food-borne diseases and intoxication.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess microbial contamination along Asella Municipal Beef Abattoir line. A total of 470 samples consisting of 400 beef carcasses swab and 70 environmental samples (apron, carcass splitting axil, personnel hand, hooks, knife, meat wrapping plastics, cleaning water) were collected and examined for presences of microbial. One colony type was characterized per positive samples, with no mixed microbial contamination report in this work. The isolation and identification of bacterial contaminates was performed according to the standard microbiological procedures. For E. coli, the hemolytic nature and appearance of metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue agar were used to define the pathogenicity. Additionally, rabbit plasma-based coagulase test was used to differentiate coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) as indication of pathogenicity.Results: Out of the total samples examined, 99.1% (95% CI= 97.8-99.8) were contaminated with bacteria. The observed proportion of beef abattoir line contamination was; Staphylococcus aureus (36.4%), CNS (16.2%), other grams positive isolates (14.0%), Staphylococcus hyicus (13.8%), and E. coli (10.9%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (7.9%). The total proportion of samples positive for coagulase positive (pathogenic) Staphylococcus species were 58.1% (95% CI= 53.5-62.6), with a 61.4% and 57.5% occurrence in abattoir environment and carcass samples, respectively. All sampling locations were found contaminated with S. aureus (34.3-60.0%) and E. coli (10.0-30.0%). All locations were contaminated with CNS (10.0-20.0%), except for carcass splitting axil. S. hyicus contaminated all location at rate of 10.0-30.0%, except the hooks and cleaning water. S. intermedius was observed only at carcass splitting axil (10.0%), cleaning water (10.0%) and carcass (8.0%). Other grams positive isolates were observed at 10.0-30.0%, but not on carcass splitting axil and hooks. The observed isolation rate of CPS (40-90%), S. aureus (30-60%), S. hyicus (0-30%), S. intermedius (0-10%), E. coli (10-30), and CNS (0-20) in different abattoir environment was higher than the isolation rate from carcass samples at proportion of 57.5%, 34.3%, 14.5%, 8.8%, 10.5, and 16.8%, respectively. Based on chi-square analysis S. aureus was significantly (p<0.05) higher in environmental (48.6%) than in meat (43.3%) samples. But the proportion of distribution with other isolates was insignificant (p>0.05) between environmental (2.9-12.9%) and meat (8.0-16.8%) samples.Conclusion: The finding indicates the presence of one or more zoonotic and spoilage bacterial pathogens in the beef abattoir which might lead to mixed foodborne infection and intoxication. Therefore, hygienic operations in the beef line; proper handling of working equipment’s and carcass; as well as the application of modern working facilities could reduce the risk of such microbial hazards associated with beef production in the abattoirs.

Small-scale irrigated farming has been offered as a climate-smart agriculture technology to boost production and diversify livelihood scenarios as an option to mitigate climate change and variability. Small-scale irrigation as a climate-smart agriculture strategy is one of the most important adaptation options for increasing agricultural production in rural areas, stabilizing agricultural production and productivity, and mitigating the negative effects of variable or insufficient rainfall. The reviewed literature showed that the adoption of small-scale irrigation farming as a climate-smart agriculture practice has a significant positive influence on farming income. Small-scale irrigation practice increases the adaptive capacity of households by enhancing farm income. Small-scale irrigation users are better off in crop production that enhances household income and enables buffer against climate variability compared with non-users. Small-scale irrigation is an important strategy in reducing risks associated with both rainfall variability production of different crops twice or three times within a year and increasing income of rural farm-households. Farmers' age, distance to market, and formal employment all negatively influence small-scale irrigation adoption. Off-farm employment, irrigation equipment, access to reliable water supplies, and awareness of water conservation practices all positively promote Small-scale irrigation adoption. As a result, governments and other key stakeholders should consider strengthening small-scale irrigated farming in rural families as climate smart agriculture.

Climate change affects ruminant livestock production systems through direct impacts on animal physiology and production, while indirectly through feed availability, water availability composition, and quality. These impacts may be positive or negative and will vary across geographical regions, animal species, and adaptive capacity. The ruminant animal productions have several adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis through behavioral, physiological, and morphological. The Potential adaptation strategies involve land-use decisions, animal feeding changes, genetic manipulation, breeding, and species improvement, and alteration. Integrated livestock-crop production systems can reduce impact, and increase productivity, diversify production, and enhance resiliency ruminant livestock productions. So, adaptation strategies of ruminant livestock's productions have ability to survive, and reproduce in the conditions of poor nutrition, parasites, and diseases, as well as their tolerance to heat. Pastoral Mobility was a survival and resource management strategy commonly practiced by herder societies for increased adaptability to climate changes. Ruminant livestock is also an important component of all farming systems and provide draught power, milk, meat, manure, hides, skins, and other products for most countries. A review of this seminar paper was prepared on the adaptation of the ruminant livestock production system strategies to climate change. Effective adaptation strategies to minimize negative impacts on ruminant production systems due to climate change will need to be multi-dimensional.

The goal of this article was to summarize beekeeping's constraints and potential in Ethiopia. Beekeeping techniques and some of the roles of this sector in Ethiopia's economy will be covered in this article. Ethiopia is one of the countries with a large honey-producing potential in Africa. Currently, there are three main classifications of the honey production system in Ethiopia; these are traditional (forest and backyard), transitional (intermediate) and modern (frame honeycomb) systems. Despite the challenges and limitations, Ethiopia has the largest bee population in Africa with more than 10 million bee colonies, of which 5-7.5 million are clustered together while the rest exist in a state of disrepair. wild Thai. The country has the potential to produce up to 500,000 tonnes of honey annually. But currently, the production is limited to 53,000 to 58,000 tons of honey. Ethiopia has an even greater potential than the current honey production due to its many bee sources such as natural forests with a complete bee system, water resources and a high number of existing bee colonies. Lack of a welltrained workforce, honey bee pests and diseases, high cost and limited availability of modern beekeeping equipment and inappropriate use of pesticides are some of the main constraints hindering the profession. Ethiopian beekeeping reaches its full production potential. Beekeeping plays an important role in increasing and diversifying the income of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, especially those who have small plots of land and landless. To significantly improve the beekeeping sub-sector, the government and relevant development partners must collaborate to organize and promote forums on how to improve this industry and realize its full potential.

The goal of this article was to summarize beekeeping's limits and potential in Ethiopia. Beekeeping techniques and some of the roles of this sector in Ethiopia's economy will be covered in this article. Currently, there are three broad classifications of honey production systems in Ethiopia; these are traditional (forest and backyard), transitional (intermediate), and modern (frame beehive) systems. Despite the challenges and constraints, Ethiopia has the largest bee population in Africa with over 10 million bee colonies, of which 5 to 7.5 million are hived while the remaining exists in the wild. The country has the potential of producing up to 500,000 tons of honey per annum. But currently, the production is limited to 53,000 to 58,000 tons of honey. Ethiopia has even bigger potential than the current honey production due to the availability of plenty of apicultural resources such as natural forests with adequate apiculture flora, water resources, and a high number of existing bee colonies. Lack of well-trained manpower, honey bee pests and diseases, the high cost and limited availability of modern beekeeping equipment, and improper use of pesticides are some of the major constraints that prevent Ethiopian beekeeping from reaching its full production potential. To significantly improve the beekeeping sub-sector, the government and relevant development partners must collaborate to organize and promote forums on how to improve this industry and realize its full potential.