This research paper explores the causal relationship between household consumption and economic growth over the period of 1980-2017. Hence, it applies the popular cointegration tests alongside the most common causality test. The empirical analysis shows the presence of a positive long run relationship between household consumption and economic growth. In specific, we find evidence revealing that a one percent increase in household expenditures on consumption would boost economic growth by 0.7 percent. Furthermore, causality analysis, based on Granger (1969) test, suggests that variation in household consumptions could explain changes in economic growth.

A series of poly(vinyl acetate-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)/acyclovir drug carrier systems (HEMAVAC) containing different acyclovir contents was prepared through bulk free radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with vinyl acetate (VAc) in presence of acyclovir (ACVR) as the drug using a LED lamp in presence of camphorquinone as the photoinitiator. The structure of the drug carrier system was confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR analysis, and the uniform dispersion of the drug particles in the carrier was proved by DSC and XRD analysis. The study of the physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials, such as the transparency, swelling capacity, wettability and optical refraction, was carried out by UV–visible analysis, a swelling test and measurement of the contact angle and the refractive index, respectively. The elastic modulus and the yield strength of the wet prepared materials were examined by dynamic mechanical analysis. The cytotoxicity of the prepared materials and cell adhesion on these systems were studied by LDH assay and the MTT test, respectively. The results obtained were comparable to those of standard lenses with a transparency of 76.90–89.51%, a swelling capacity of 42.23–81.80% by weight, a wettability of 75.95–89.04 o, a refractive index of 1.4301–1.4526 and a modulus of elasticity of 0.67–1.50 MPa, depending on the ACVR content. It was also shown that these materials exhibit no significant cytotoxicity; on the other hand, they show significant cell adhesion. The in vitro dynamic release of ACVR in water revealed that the HEMAVAC drug carrier can consistently deliver uniformly adequate amounts of ACVR (5.04–36 wt%) over a long period (7 days) in two steps. It was also found that the solubility of ACVR obtained from the release process was improved by 1.4 times that obtained by direct solubility of the drug in powder form at the same temperature.

Background: Dental education and practice have been considered as one of the most challenging and stressful fields. The type of stressors and stress perception methods in the dental academic environment varies depending on multiple factors. Methods: The level of emotional intelligence to stress coping strategies among clinical-year dental students in Riyadh was evaluated using a cross-sectional questionnaire with four sections, i.e., the demographic data, Emotional intelligence scale (BEIS-10), Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), and Brief COPE scale. Results: The analysis of the 291 responses showed that students who were not able to regulate their own emotions were more likely to have a higher level of perceived stress. Students who were better at regulating others' emotions rely on planning for stress coping. Finally, students who could utilize their own emotions use positive reframing, planning, and religion as their mechanism of coping. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the perceived stress levels between males and females despite minor differences in emotional intelligence levels. There is a significant correlation between stress coping strategies with stress level and emotional intelligence.