Summary An in vitro spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) culture can serve as an effective technique to study spermatogenesis and treatment for male infertility. In this research, we compared the effect of a three-dimensional alginate hydrogel with Sertoli cells in a 3D culture and co-cultured Sertoli cells. After harvest of SSCs from neonatal mice testes, the SSCs were divided into two groups: SSCs on a 3D alginate hydrogel with Sertoli cells and a co-culture of SSCs with Sertoli cells for 1 month. The samples were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) tracing, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining after transplantation into an azoospermic testis mouse. The 3D group showed rapid cell proliferation and numerous colonies compared with the co-culture group. Molecular assessment showed significantly increased integrin alpha-6, integrin beta-1, Nanog, Plzf, Thy-1, Oct4 and Bcl2 expression levels in the 3D group and decreased expression levels of P53, Fas, and Bax. BrdU tracing, and H&E and PAS staining results indicated that the hydrogel alginate improved spermatogenesis after transplantation in vivo. This finding suggested that cultivation of SSCs on alginate hydrogel with Sertoli cells in a 3D culture can lead to efficient proliferation and maintenance of SSC stemness and enhance the efficiency of SSC transplantation.
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Direct medical costs are the most well-known category of disease costs. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the direct medical costs of patients with Covid19 by services provided in the centers and hospitals affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences. This study was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study using hospital costs information in Ilam province from March 2019 to September 2021. Financial information related to all patients diagnosed with Covid-19 disease was collected in all hospitals of the province and classified and reviewed using Excel 2016 software. In general, 1713711 services were provided in medical centers affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Most of these services were provided in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Educational and Medical Center as the main medical center for patients with Covid-19 in Ilam. The results of the study showed that among the direct medical costs, medication services (30%), laboratory (16%) and inpatient care (11%), were the highest costs in Ilam University of Medical Sciences. In total, out of the total direct medical costs, the share of patient's payments was 10%. The share of insurance companies in total expenditures was 83% and the share of government subsidy was 7%. Examining the pattern of drug consumption and pharmaceutical services can be considered as one of the key sectors by health policy makers in Ilam province, because the 30% share of pharmaceutical expenditures showed that the management of these services greatly control the medical expenditures of
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ease of doing business and health indices in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The present study is a panel data study which was done using data from 2007 to 2019. Pre-estimation and post-estimation tests were performed to estimate the model by data panel model. The tests included the unit root test, Fisher test and Hausman test, crosssectional dependence tests, co-integration test, test for heteroscedastic and autocorrelation test between disturbances. The data were entered into EVIEWS-7 and STATA-13 software and the final estimation of the model was done by Driscoll and Croy method. Levin-Lin-Chu (LLC) test, Im-Pesaran-Shin test and Shin tests showed that most of the variables were significant. The panel effects were confirmed based on the Limer test (F=99.155, P<0/001). Hausmann test rejected the random effects in the model and showed fixed effects (χ 2 =78.2968, P<0/001). The results of the parent test showed a cross-sectional dependence of the disturbances. The Cao co-integration test also confirmed the existence of coaccumulation (P<0.001, t=-4.38). The null hypothesis of this test based on variance homogeneity was rejected (P<0.001, χ2 =78.2968). The final estimation shows 68% the model determination coefficient based on the Driscoll and Croy test; This means that 68% of the variables dependent on the explanatory variables of this model are explained. The ease of doing business index has had a significant impact on determining health. Therefore, health managers and decision makers should pay attention to the ease of doing business index on the health of communities in determining their general health policies. On the other hand, they should improve the inter-section cooperation with the aim of improving the employment situation to achieve the general goal of health in the communities.
Background: Different countries have used different methods to reduce trauma-related mortality and its complications. Objectives: Splint is a temporary and conventional method of fixing an injured organ. Therefore, evaluating the quality of life in trauma patients with splint immobilization is important. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 287 trauma patients with splint immobilization in two baseline periods and one month later in Haft-e-Tir and Rasoul-e-Akram hospitals. The Data collection tool was the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. Paired t-test was used to assess the changes in the quality of life. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean quality of life in the study's first phase was 76.31 ± 9.42, and one month after splint immobilization was 76.13 ± 8.98, and there was no significant difference between the two phases. The Splint immobilization of the patients significantly affected the quality of life in 5 out of 8 dimensions. Still, the intervention increased the scores in 3 dimensions and decreased scores in 2 dimensions. The results showed that social performance (P = 0.01), energy and vitality (P < 0.001), and emotional health (P < 0.001) increased, and physical performance (P = 0.01) and general health (P = 0.001) decreased, and they were significantly different in the two phases. There were no significant differences between emotional limitation, physical limitation, and pain in the two phases of the study. Conclusions: Splint immobilization of patients improved the quality of life in 5 out of 8 dimensions. After a month, the trauma-related mental and physical shock did not disappear, and even the patients were more sensitive to quality-of-life questions due to time spent with splint immobilization and familiarity with its limitations. The patients tried to reflect on their dissatisfaction with splint immobilization.
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