BackgroundTo assess the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) amongst the general community regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData was collected using cluster random sampling from 3104 adults residing in a rural district in Bangladesh. Participants underwent a KAP questionnaire survey regarding assessing diabetes, socio-demographic and medical history. Descriptive, Chi-square and regression analyses were performed.ResultsParticipants were aged between 30 and 89 years (M  = 51, SD  = 11.8) and 65.5% were female. The prevalence of diabetes was found to be 8.3%. The majority (93%) reported to have heard of diabetes, yet only 4% knew what a glucose tolerance test was. Only 50% reported that they knew physical inactivity was a risk factor. Age, gender, level of education and socio-economic status (SES) were significantly associated with KAP. A lower proportion (41%) of older participants (aged ≥65 years) reported that they knew that dietary modifications assist in diabetes control compared to those aged less than 35 years (69%), p<0.001. Males (β  = 0.393, 95% CI = 0.142–0.643), and any level of education compared to no schooling (β  = 0.726, 95% CI = 0.596, 0.857) reported significantly more knowledge, after multivariate adjustments for covariates. Participants aged under 35 years, (odds ratio (OR)  = 1.73, 95% CI  = 1.22–2.43) had significantly higher positive attitudes towards treatments of diabetes compared to those aged ≥65 years. Of the 99 people with known diabetes, more than 50% (n = 52) never had their blood sugar levels checked since diagnosis.ConclusionsKnowledge of diabetes and its risk factors is very limited in rural Bangladesh, even in persons diagnosed with type 2 DM. The development of public health programmes to increase knowledge of diabetes and its complications is required to assist people living in rural Bangladesh to control and management of diabetes.

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BackgroundExamining body mass index (BMI) change over life course is crucial for cardiovascular health promotion and prevention. So far, there is very few evidence on the long-term change of BMI from childhood to late life. This study aimed to examine the life-course trajectory patterns of BMI and then to link the trajectory patterns to cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood.MethodsBased on longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 5276 participants (aged 6–60) at baseline (in 1989) with up to 7 measurements of BMI during 1989–2009 were selected in this study. Cardiovascular risk factors including high blood pressure, high blood glucose and high blood lipids were assessed in 2411 participants in 2009. Latent growth curve modelling was used to analyse the BMI trajectories, and logistic regression was used to examine the associations between trajectory patterns and cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsFour trajectories patterns of BMI over life course (age 6–80) were identified: Normal-Stable (22.4% of the total participants), Low normal-Normal-Stable (44.1%), Low normal-Normal-Overweight (27.2%), and Overweight-Obese (4.3%). Compared to those with Normal-Stable pattern, those with Low normal-Normal-Stable pattern, Low normal-Normal-Overweight pattern and Overweight-Obese pattern had higher risk of high blood pressure (odds ratio range = 1.6–6.6), high blood glucose (1.7–9.1), dyslipidemia (2.6–5.9) and having at least two of the three cardiovascular risk factors (3.9–30.9).ConclusionsHaving a stable BMI within normal range over life course is associated with the lowest cardiovascular risk, whereas remaining overweight and obese over life course is associated with the highest cardiovascular risk.

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of ferrocene (Fc) and Decamethylferrocene (DmFc) have been determined on an absolute scale using transmission measurements of multiple solutions of differing concentrations (15 mM, 3 mM, pure solvent) at operating temperatures of 10–20 K. Mass attenuation coefficients and photoelectric absorption cross sections are measured and tabulated for both molecules for an extended energy range in excess of 1.5 keV from the Fe K-shell absorption edge. At these temperatures, the minimization of of dynamic disorder has enabled a critical determination of the oscillatory absorption structures created by multiple-scattering paths of the excited photoelectron. These oscillatory structures are highly sensitive to the local conformation environment of the iron absorber in organometallic structures. Crystallographic and scattering studies have reported both structures characterized by staggered cyclopentadienyl rings, in contrast with low temperature crystallography and recent density functional theoretical predictions. Phase changes in the crystallographic space groups are reported for Fc at different temperatures, raising the possibility of alternative conformation states. Robust experimental techniques are described which have allowed the measurement of XAFS spectra of dilute systems by transmission at accuracies ranging from 0.2% to 2%, and observe statistically significant fine structure at photoelectron wavenumbers extending to >12 Å–1. The subtle signatures of the conformations are then investigated via extensive analysis of the XAFS spectra using the full multiple scattering theory as implemented by the FEFF package. Results indicate a near-eclipsed D 5h geometry for low-temperature Fc, in contrast with a staggered D 5d geometry observed for DmFc. The ability of this experimental approach and data analysis methodology combined with advanced theory to investigate and observe such subtle conformational differences using XAFS is a powerful tool for future challenges and widens the capacity of advanced XAFS to solve a broad range of challenging systems.

Molecular distortion of dynamic molecules gives a clear signature in the vibrational spectra, which can be modeled to give estimates of the energy barrier and the sensitivity of the frequencies of the vibrational modes to the reaction coordinate. The reaction coordinate method (RCM) utilizes ab initio-calculated spectra of the molecule in its ground and transition states together with their relative energies to predict the temperature dependence of the vibrational spectra. DFT-calculated spectra of the eclipsed (D ) and staggered (D ) forms of ferrocene (Fc), and its deuterated analogue, within RCM explain the IR spectra of Fc in gas (350 K), solution (300 K), solid solution (7-300 K), and solid (7-300 K) states. In each case the D rotamer is lowest in energy but with the barrier to interconversion between rotamers higher for solution-phase samples (ca. 6 kJ mol ) than for the gas-phase species (1-3 kJ mol ). The generality of the approach is demonstrated with application to tricarbonyl(η -norbornadiene)iron(0), Fe(NBD)(CO) . The temperature-dependent coalescence of the ν(CO) bands of Fe(NBD)(CO) is well explained by the RCM without recourse to NMR-like rapid exchange. The RCM establishes a clear link between the calculated ground and transition states of dynamic molecules and the temperature-dependence of their vibrational spectra.

In this rural Bangladeshi community, UDM was high. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher risk of UDM. Overall knowledge of DM was poor. Public health programmes should target those of low socioeconomic status and aim to increase knowledge of DM in rural Bangladesh.

A new approach is introduced for determining X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra on absolute and relative scales using multiple solutions with different concentrations by the characterization and correction of experimental systematics. This hybrid technique is a development of standard X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) along the lines of the high-accuracy X-ray extended range technique (XERT) but with applicability to solutions, dilute systems and cold cell environments. This methodology has been applied to determining absolute XAS of bis(N-n-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) and bis(N-i-propyl-salicylaldiminato) nickel(II) complexes with square planar and tetrahedral structures in 15 mM and 1.5 mM dilute solutions. It is demonstrated that transmission XAS from dilute systems can provide excellent X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and XAFS spectra, and that transmission measurements can provide accurate measurement of subtle differences including coordination geometries. For the first time, (transmission) XAS of the isomers have been determined from low-concentration solutions on an absolute scale with a 1-5% accuracy, and with relative precision of 0.1% to 0.2% in the active XANES and XAFS regions after inclusion of systematic corrections.