Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease and generally affects children under 15 years of age. Adult onset form and cutaneous features at presentation are uncommon. There are some options for treatment of the skin lesions of LCH such as topical and intralesional corticosteroid, nitrogen mustard, etc., which are not completely curative. Herein, we report a case of perianal LCH in a 20-year-old man with one-year history of recalcitrant well-demarcated, erythematous, and ulcerated plaque surrounding the anal orifice, with pain and difficulty in defecation that was successfully treated with thalidomide.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kinds of neuropsychiatric illnesses that affect the central nervous system. In this disease, the accumulation of amyloid-beta increases, and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) protein, one of the ways to treat this disease is to reduce the accumulation of amyloid-beta. Various studies have demonstrated that pharmacological approaches have considerable effects in the treatment of AD, despite the side effects and challenges. Cholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine are presently authorized therapies for AD. Memantine and Donepezil are the most common drugs for the prevention and therapy of AD with mechanisms such as lessened β-amyloid plaque, effect on N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Diminution glutamate and elevated acetylcholine are some of the influences of medications administrated to treat AD, and drugs can also play a role in slowing the progression of cognitive and memory impairment. A new pharmacological approach and strategy is required to control the future of AD. This review appraises the effects of memantine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and aducanumab in clinical trials, in vitro and animal model studies that have explored how these drugs versus AD development and also discuss possible mechanisms of influence on the brain. Research in clinical trials has substantial findings that support the role of these medications in AD treatment and ameliorate the safety and efficacy of AD therapy, although more clinical trials are required to prove their effectiveness.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a form of adult stem cells, are known to have a self-renewing property and the
potential to specialize into a multitude of cells and tissues such as adipocytes, cartilage cells, and fibroblasts. MSCs can migrate and home to the desired target zone where inflammation is present. The unique characteristics of MSCs in repairing,
differentiation, regeneration, and its high capacity of immune modulation has attracted tremendous attention for exerting
them in clinical purposes, as they contribute to tissue regeneration process and anti-tumor activity. The MSCs-based treatment has demonstrated remarkable applicability towards various diseases such as heart and bone malignancies, and cancer
cells. Importantly, genetically engineered MSCs, as a state-of-the-art therapeutic approach, could address some clinical hurdles by systemic secretion of cytokines and other agents with a short half-life and high toxicity. Therefore, understanding
the biological aspects and the characteristics of MSCs is an imperative issue of concern. Herein, we provide an overview of
the therapeutic application and the biological features of MSCs against different inflammatory diseases and cancer cells. We
further shed light on MSCs physiological interaction, such as migration, homing, and tissue repairing mechanisms with different healthy and inflamed tissues.
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