Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the phytogenic chemical compounds and assess their antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Ajuga parviflora Benth. growing in the Himalayan region.
Methods:In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of essential oil were isolated by steam distillation and screened by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis from A. parviflora is rich in oxygenated monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The essential oil was further evaluated for their antibacterial by well-diffusion method and antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay at various concentrations.
Results:The major chemical constituents were α-cadinol (21.36%), α-muurolol (14.2%), cubebol (12.76%), germacrene D-4-ol (9.6%), germacrene D (4.32%), farnesyl acetate (3.58%), longifolol acetate (2.76%), and β-bourbonene (2.35 %) whereas monoterpenoids were minor constituents. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) shown by essential oil against test bacterial strains at concentration of 500 µg/ml to Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6 mm), Escherichia coli (5 mm), Salmonella typhimurium (8.6 mm), and Proteus vulgaris (10.7 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (8.3 mm). At the same time, ZOI of standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin against test bacterial strains was P. aeruginosa (9.6 mm), E. coli (14.3mm), S. typhimurium (19.3 mm), P. vulgaris (17.8 mm), and B. subtilis (20.6 mm), respectively. The free radical scavenging property of A. parviflora employed by in vitro assay methods like scavenging activity of DPPH was 81% at 500 µg/ml concentrations, respectively.
Conclusion:Our study showed that α-cadinol, α-muurolol, and cubebol as the major components in this oil which was absent in previous findings of A. parviflora and essential oil had potent antibacterial and antioxidant activity, respectively.
The essential oil from the rhizome of Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thomson) Engl. growing in the Himalayan region of Jammu & Kashmir is found rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (43.06%) and higher oxygenated hydrocarbons (29.83%). Sesquiterpenoids (0.46%) and monoterpenoids (0.24%) were almost absent in the oil. Among oxygenated sesquiterpenoids Cadinene <14-hydroxy-δ-> (38.36%) and Khusinol (2.06%) were the main components. The higher hydrocarbons and their derivatives include n-Hexadecanoic acid (10.60%), cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (4.46%), Linoleic acid (2.85%), Octacosane (2.52%), Cetanol (2.26%), Oleic acid (2.14%), Nonacosane (1.86%), n-Pentacosane (1.66%) and Untriacontane (1.48%). The oxygenated monoterpenoids include α-Terpineol (1.10%) as main constituent. The oil also contains m-xylene (11.27%) as the major lower hydrocarbon. The decoction of rhizome from Bergenia stracheyi are used in folk lore medicines in Jammu & Kashmir. The oil from the rhizome has shown moderate antifungal activity with 100% mycelia growth inhibition against S. sclerotiorum and A. tenuis at a concentration of 2000µg/ml and 3000µg/ml respectively. However C. graminicola and F. oxysporum were found less susceptible to this oil. The IC 50 values showed a range from 802.7µg/ml to 1615.4µg/ml as compared to standard fungicides with IC 50 values ranging from 36.8µg/ml -78.6µg/ml. The spore germination inhibition test has revealed this oil as a moderate inhibitor with IC 50 values 899.6µg/ml, 545.2µg/ml and 2014.7µg/ml for A. tenuis, C. graminicola and F. oxysporum spores respectively.
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