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Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important nematodes on a worldwide basis. Prediction of the crop loss that a certain population density of nematode may cause is of importance to decide whether to cultivate a plant or not. It is also of use for choosing the most suitable managing strategies. A pot experiment was devised to determine the damage potential of an Iranian population of Meloidogyne javanica on pepper (cv. California Wonder). Two leaves seedlings were planted in 3 kg pots contain different inoculum level of 0, 0. 125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 eggs and juveniles g -1 sandy loam soil. Shoot weight, yield and nematode reproduction rate were negatively correlated with initial inoculum level of nematode while the root response was variable. Seinhorst's model fitted the data of yield and shoot weight and a tolerance limit of 0.5 and 0.28 eggs and juveniles g -1 soil was respectively estimated. The minimum relative yield and shoot weight was 0.16 and 0.3, respectively. The damage threshold was estimated of 1.8 eggs and juveniles g -1 soil by Seinhorst's model. The maximum multiplication rate and the equilibrium density of M. Javanica were estimated as 708.31 and 159.65 (eggs and juveniles g -1 soil), respectively.

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This chapter analyses the shortcomings and hindrances coming in the way of commercialization of nematode biological control agents (BCAs). The key factors that determine the success and failure of BCAs (particularly bacteria and fungi) of phytonematodes during their commercialization are explained. These factors can be roughly divided into ecological (abiotic and biotic), intrinsic, technological, societal, regulatory and commercial factors.

This chapter focuses on the commercialization processes that a nematophagous fungi has to pass before it could be commercially introduced into the market. The current status and challenges, development and commercialization process and efficacy of nematophagous fungi and its effect on commercialization are also presented.

A factorial experiment was established in a completely randomized design to verify the effect of different inoculum levels of an Iranian isolate of Trichoderma longibrachiatum separately and in combination with various concentrations of cadusafos against Meloidogyne javanica in the greenhouse. Zucchini seeds were soaked for 12 hr in five densities (0, 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , and 10 8 spores/ml suspension) of the fungus prior to planting in pots containing four concentrations of cadusafos (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg a.i./kg soil). The data were analyzed using a custom response surface regression model and the response surface curve and contour plots were drawn. Reliability of the model was examined by comparing the result of new experimental treatments with the predicted results. The optimal levels of these two variables also were calculated. The interactive effects of concentrations of Trichoderma and cadusafos were insignificant for several responses such as the total number of eggs per gram soil, the number of intact eggs per gram soil, nematode reproduction factor, and control percent. Closeness of experimental mean values with the expected values proved the validity of the model. The optimal levels of the cadusafos concentration and Trichoderma concentration that caused the best plant growth and lowest nematode reproduction were 1.7 mg a.i./kg soil and 10 8 conidia/ml suspension, respectively.