Background: The climate change fact is intensive among the Middle East countries and especially Iran. Among the Middle East countries, Iran will experience an increase of 2.6 °C in mean temperatures and a 35% decline in precipitation in the next decades. In vice versa, Iran by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions nearly to 616,741 million tons of CO 2 is the first responsible country to climate change in the Middle East, and seventh in the world. The high-level contribution of Iran to emissions of GHG depends on a significant production of oil, gas, and rapid urbanization. The present study aimed to reveal an overview of climate change facts and statistics in Iran. Results:In this manuscript, the evidential facts on climate change were investigated in global, regional, and national scales. For this purpose, the main increasing annual temperature and GHG emissions were considered. Besides, the variations of meteorological characteristics such as surface temperature, total precipitation, and upward longwave radiation (ULR) were reviewed in Iran indicating an anomalous decrease in precipitation events and anomalous increase in ULR and temperature characteristics confirming the global warming/climate change effects. Afterward, the legislative agreements on climate change concerning international adoptions and conventions were reviewed from Rio 1992 to NY 2016. Conclusions:The results showed that further research and development should be considered the novel methods to explore renewable energy applications and to mitigate GHG emissions in order to overcome the increased risk of climate change effects. Technological affairs and international participants should support this target. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ReferencesAbolverdi J, Ferdosifar G, Khalili D, Haghighi AK, Haghighi MA (2014) Recent trends in regional air temperature and precipitation and links to global climate change in the Maharlo watershed, Southwestern Iran. Meteorol
We have developed a method of processing seismic signals generated by microearthquakes to image local subsurface structure beneath a recording station. This technique uses the autocorrelation of the vertically traveling earthquake signals to generate pseudoreflection seismograms that can be interpreted for subsurface structure. Processed pseudoreflection data, from microearthquakes recorded in the island of Hawaii, show consistent reflectivity patterns that are interpreted as near‐surface horizontal features. Forward modeling of the pseudoreflection data results in a P‐wave velocity model that shows reasonable agreement with the velocity model derived from a refraction study in the region. Usable signal‐to‐noise ratio is obtained down to 2 s. A shear‐wave velocity model was also generated by applying this technique to horizontal component data.
Daily gridded precipitation data, between years 1951 and 2007, obtained from APHRODITE database, were analyzed to regionalize precipitation regimes in Iran country. The S-mode of principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on seasonal correlation matrix with eight derived variables. Based on eigenvalues over one, three factors were extracted between the components and varimax rotation was used to enhance interpretability of retained PCA scores. Then, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was applied to group the homogeneous precipitation regimes. According to the HCA, nine distinct and homogenous regions were recognized. Then, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on seasonal percentage of precipitation distribution in these regions was used to identify the independent regimes which have been spatially mapped by using GIS. This study showed that the APHRODITE dataset potentially could be used for regionalization of precipitation regimes in Iran. According to the results, use of this dataset in order to group precipitation regimes is recommended for arid and semi-arid regions of mid-latitudes, especially in the Middle East countries.
Among land degradation processes, soil erosion is the most serious threat to soil and water conservation in semi-arid regions. At the present study, the sedimentation hazard and the erosion zonation were investigated at Kardeh watershed, north-east of Iran by Erosion Potential Method (EPM) and Pacific Sonth-west Inter Agency Committee (PSIAC) models, in combination with the geographical information system (GIS) data, satellite data and field observations. According to our investigation the study area can be categorized into heavy, moderate and slight erosion zones with the total sediment yield of 147859 and 148078 m 3 /a estimated by EPM and PSIAC models, respectively. The sub-basins located at the middle and south parts of the watershed are highly eroded due to the geology formation and soil erodibility conditions, while the sub-basins at the north parts are moderately eroded because of the intensive land cover. The amounts of the sediment yield in most areas are found to be consistent between the EPM and PSIAC models (R 2 = 0.95). Our data suggest the applicability of both empirical models in evaluating the sediment yield in arid and semi-arid watersheds.
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