Background:
Excessive use of diazinon as an organophosphate pesticide (OP), contributes to cytotoxic and
pathologic cellular damage and in particular oxidative stress. However, metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as cerium
oxide (CeO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) with the property of free radical scavenging demonstrated beneficial effects in
alleviation of oxidative stress biomarkers.
Objective:
The aims of this study include to evaluate beneficial effects of CeO2 NPs, Y2O3 NPs and their combination
against diazinon-induced oxidative stress in different tissues consisting of brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver and spleen.
Methods:
Eight randomized groups of 6 adult male Wistar rats were formed. Each group of rats administered different
combination of diazinon, CeO2 and Y2O3 NPs daily and levels of oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species
(ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol molecules (TTM) and total antioxidant power (TAP) and catalase enzyme
were measured after 2 weeks of the treatment.
Results:
Measurements of the mentioned markers in brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver and spleen showed that
administration of NPs can significantly alleviate the oxidative stress induced by diazinon. However, findings of this study
illustrated that the combination of both CeO2 and Y2O3 NPs led to better reduction in oxidative stress markers.
Conclusion:
Sub-acute exposure of diazinon in rats led to increased levels of oxidative stress markers in pivotal tissues
such as brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver and spleen. CeO2 and Y2O3 NPs neutralize the oxidative stress to compensate
diazinon-induced tissue damages.
Background: Cockroaches are one of the most common pests in many residential areas. In this study, the simultaneous effects of fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and fenitrothion-coated baits on the mortality rate of the German cockroach nymphs were investigated.
Methods: To determine the lethal level of fenitrothion insecticide, a bioassay test was performed on the last instar nymphs of the German cockroach reared at insectarium conditions. Various toxic concentrations of fenitrothion (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, 1.5%, and 2%) were used. Different concentrations of M. anisopliae (1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, 1×108 Conidia/ ml) were also applied to nymphs. Eventually, we combined the effective dose of fenitrothion (0.93%) with the effective concentration of M. anisopliae (6.6 ×106 Conidia/ml) to provide the fungus-coated bait to attract insects. Mortality was recorded 24–96 hours after exposure to the toxic bait. The resulting data were subjected to Probit analysis.
Results: The results of applying M. anisopliae spores with fenitrothion composition showed that the mortality rate of German cockroach nymphs was significant. Therefore, the optimal dose of fenitrothion used in combination with M. anisopliae seems essential to reduce the German cockroach nymphs.
Conclusion: The results of this study can be considered a suitable method as a mixture with low cost and minimal damage to the environment and other organisms.
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