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Enterococci are commensal bacteria that inhabit the digestive tracts of animals and humans. The transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes through human–animal contact poses a potential public health risk worldwide, as zoonoses from wildlife reservoirs can occur on every continent. The purpose of this study was to detect Enterococcus spp. in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and to investigate their resistance patterns, virulence profiles, and biofilm-forming ability. Conventional screening of rectal swabs (n = 67) from macaques was followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The biofilm-forming enterococci were determined using the Congo red agar plate assay. Using the disk diffusion test (DDT), antibiogram profiles were determined, followed by resistance and virulence genes identification by PCR. PCR for bacterial species confirmation revealed that 65.7% (44/67) and 22.4% (15/67) of the samples tested positive for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. All the isolated enterococci were biofilm formers. In the DDT, enterococcal isolates exhibited high to moderate resistance to penicillin, rifampin, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and linezolid. In the PCR assays, the resistance gene blaTEM was detected in 61.4% (27/44) of E. faecalis and 60% (9/15) of E. faecium isolates. Interestingly, 88.63 % (39/44) of E. faecalis and 100% (15/15) of E. faecium isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant. Virulence genes (agg, fsrA, fsrB, fsrC, gelE, sprE, pil, and ace) were more frequent in E. faecalis compared to E. faecium; however, isolates of both Enterococcus spp. were found negative for the cyl gene. As far as we know, the present study has detected, for the first time in Bangladesh, the presence of virulence genes in MDR biofilm-forming enterococci isolated from rhesus macaques. The findings of this study suggest employing epidemiological surveillance along with the one-health approach to monitor these pathogens in wild animals in Bangladesh, which will aid in preventing their potential transmission to humans.

Abstract:The research work was conducted on 105 layer chicks with a view to determine the rate of distribution of neurotropic virulent Newcastle disease virus (NVNDV) in various organs following infection through natural (intranasal, intraocular and oral) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous) routes of inoculation at different ages (7, 15 and 28 days of old). Each bird received a dose of 0.2 ml contained 300 ELD 50 of reference NVNDV. The highest body temperature (≥108 0 F) was recorded in the birds of almost all the experimental groups within 48 to 72 hours of PI. Appearance of clinical signs was observed earlier (48 to 72 hours of PI) in parenterally infected birds than those of inoculated through natural routes. The shortest duration (24-48 hours of PI) and longest duration (74-138 hours of PI) of death time were recorded in birds those inoculated through IV and oral routes of infection respectively. Isolation of NDV was positive from day 2 of PI and onward in all the groups with some minor variations in some cases. The CEF system was found more sensitive for the isolation of viruses compare to that of avian embryo. The highest HA titre of NDV was found in the brain tissue followed by lungs and kidney. Significantly (p<0.01) higher HA titre of NDV isolate was recorded in the birds of all the experimental groups inoculated through IV route. Following infection, the MDA titre decreased day by day in the birds with the increase of HA titres of NDV.

Background and Aims Pre‐eclampsia is a particular type of pregnancy condition. Although the primary etiology of pre‐eclampsia is unclear, it hypothesizes that the alteration of trace elements and macro‐minerals may play a crucial function in the pathogenesis of Pre‐eclampsia. Therefore, our research sought to ascertain the serum level of trace elements (zinc, iron) and macro‐minerals (sodium, calcium, potassium) and their possible association with pre‐eclampsia. Methods The present study was conducted with 74 pre‐eclampsia pregnant women (case) and 118 pregnant women having normal blood pressure (controls). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy determined the serum level of trace components and electrolytes. Results The researchers discovered notable differences in maternal age, gestational period, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and creatinine level. Results of serum analysis revealed that calcium (52.06 ± 3.71 mg/L vs. 65.93 ± 2.57 mg/L, p < 0.05) and potassium (63.44 ± 5.33 mg/L vs. 102.54 ± 4.25 mg/L, p < 0.001) concentrations were substantially lower in the patient group than in control. Serum zinc (0.34 ± 0.02 mg/L vs. 0.52 ± 0.02 mg/L, p < 0.001) and iron (0.38 ± 0.03 mg/L vs. 0.46 ± 0.02 mg/L, p < 0.05) concentration were also considerably decreased in pre‐eclampsia participants compared with a pregnant normotensive group. Pearson's correlation research results in the patient group revealed a connection between trace elements or macro minerals. In addition, the systolic blood pressure was positively correlated with sodium ( r = 0.392, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with potassium ( r = −0.257, p < 0.05) in the control group. Conclusions This study concludes that calcium, potassium, iron, and zinc levels were lower, whereas sodium levels were higher in Bangladeshi pre‐eclampsia patients compared to controls. These findings with Pearson's correlation and the inter‐element relationship between the patient and a control subject results can act as critical indication factors for patients with pre‐eclampsia in Bangladesh and, as a result, may require a higher intake of calcium, potassium, iron, and zinc for effective therapeutic intervention and reduce the intake of sodium.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological safety and the effect of some synthetic chemicals with comparison to natural additives such as rosemary extract in preventing microbial growth and as a source of antioxidant by maintaining GHP as well as GMP of Bangladeshi processed chicken sausages with low fat content to correlate some scientific evidence in producing cancer and cardiovascular diseases by the consumption of meat product. Two experimental batches of chicken sausage were prepared according to Bangladeshi standard using different parameters of ingredients. Then centesimal parameter, P H and instrumental color of the product were analyzed according to standard protocol. A sensory parameter was also checked by ranking the acceptance level of consumers about different batches of chicken sausage. The sensory properties and the instrumental color parameter of two experimental batches of chicken sausage 'A' and 'B' were found almost similar in comparison to the commercial cured chicken sausage 'C' but quite dissimilar in comparison to commercial uncured sausage 'D'. Total coliforms were observed 4.4 × 10 for sausage 'A' and 5.3 × 10 for sausage 'B', while the most probable number (MPN) for E. coli was 1.7 for both products. The counting of sulphite reducing Clostridium was 2 cfu/g and 3 cfu/g for both of the batches 'A' and 'B' consecutively. The coagulase-positive Staphylococci and lactose fermenting Salmonella was not found in any batches of chicken sausage.The results of this experiment clearly mentioned the possibility of producing safe and high quality chicken sausage with reduced fat content in Bangladesh by using natural pigments and antioxidants.