Summary For enhancing the awareness and competitiveness of distributed energy resources (DER) in energy markets, an optimal and implementation and operation of these resources. To address this issue, in this paper, objective, DERs that can collaborate with other DER installed as closer or far topologies, forming coalitions for gaining competitiveness between each other in the energy market, have been selected for study. The profit allocation due to coalition between DERs is being identified as an important issue for ensuring renewable sources installation in smart grids. A methodology with, bi‐level, structures is proposed to maximize the profit in a competitive market and allocate profit resulting from a coalition formation between multiple energy districts encompassing DERs. In the primary level analysis, a mechanism based on noncooperative game theory is presented with the aim of creating a competitive market, as well as, to study the supply energy strategies based on pricing mechanisms of multiple energy suppliers. In the second level, various distribution methods, namely, Shapley, Nucleolus, and Merge and Split, are compared with each other for profit allocation analysis. Our study highlights that the disconnection of DERs resulting from pricing decisions allows them to collaborate together with aggregated facilities to achieve higher profits due to excess production and avoid penalties due to shortages in production, which in essence, demonstrates a significant operational increase in their profits, a concept that favors the likelihood for all energy suppliers and producers to form a coalition for economic optimizations.

Summary The need to reduce greenhouse effect using distributed energy resources has significantly increased in recent years, particularly with the advent of deregulated market. Climate changes cause large swings in output power of renewable resources and the resulting fluctuations in frequency in the islanded microgrid (MG). To increase performance for a wide range of power system operating conditions, an energy management system is proposed based on a fuzzy fractional order proportional–integral–derivative (PID) (FFOPID) controller. It is able to analyze and simulate the dynamic behavior in grid‐connected MGs. This controller is proposed in the MG encompassing distributed generation resources with “plug and play” ability. The performance of FFOPID controller is verified for frequency control purposes and to support internal bus voltage in both islanded and grid‐connected operating modes in accordance with the failure time. Energy storage is used to improve the system dynamic response, reduce the distortion, and provide damping for frequency oscillations caused by renewable resources. Energy storage overload capacity is utilized for rapid initial control of frequency in MG. To achieve this goal, energy management system based on fuzzy decision mechanism combined with a PID controller and FFOPID is implemented according to the characteristics and limitations of overloading and state of charge. The obtained results show good performance of FFOPID controllers by improving the transient stability following a fault that has caused the islanded operation. Simulation results have validated the effectiveness of FFOPID controllers in the system under several scenarios with superior stabilization and more robustness in comparison with the fuzzy logic PID (FLPID) controller and PID controller. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Leishmaniasis is considered as a zoonotic infection and neglected tropical disease. Leishmania treatment is not totally successful and imposes high expenditures, especially in developing countries. Since the natural infection leads to the robust immunity in most of the human cases, many bodies of research have been focusing on Leishmania vaccines, being capable to control Leishmania infection. First generation vaccines (such as Leishmune ® and CaniLeish ® ) have proved robust protective immunity in dogs. In human, recombinant vaccines, including Leish-F1 could confer some degrees of protective immunity against natural infection. Recently, ChAd63-KH DNA vaccine has been accomplished in providing prevention against Leishmania infection; however, this vaccine should be further evaluated in other clinical trials.

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Background:Intensity of depressive symptoms could be exacerbated due to the paucity of appropriate treatments. We assessed the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and text messaging, which aimed at amelioration of patient's behavior and consciousness, which could lead to suicide prevention.Methods:This was a randomized clinical trial implemented in rural health centers of Isfahan district (Iran). Health centers were assigned in three trials consisting of the booklet, text messaging, and control groups. Each group consisted of 70 patients. Inclusion criteria were being affected by depressive symptom, <18 years, and cell phone accessibility. Mental retardation, drug and alcohol abuse, visual disability, dementia, suicide attempt history, electrotherapy, and receiving psychological interventions were our not met criteria. Our patient outcomes comprised intensity of depressive symptom and treatment compliance. The first two trials were requested to study instructive booklets in 30 days while the second cohort was demanded to study the booklet in accordance with the daily delivered text messaging.Results:Out of 210 individuals, 198 patients finished this study. The intensity of depressive symptom was significantly affected through time and group factors as well as time-group interaction (F = 12.30, P < 0.001). Based on treatment compliance, the interactive effect of group factor and the time factor was statistically significant.Conclusions:It seems that bibliotherapy could efficiently decrease the intensity of depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, in comparison with our booklet trial, the text messaging group achieved neither durable nor significant success; thus, bibliotherapy could be utilized as a complementary methodology aiming depression treatment.